In brief: This study documents the types and frequency of injuries sustained in the 1984 Norway Cup-the largest soccer tournament in the world. During a total of 35,154 player-hours, 411 injuries and hyperventilatory conditions were recorded for the 1,016 boys' teams and 332 girls' teams participating. The injury rate was 8.9 and 17.6 per 1,000 player-hours for boys and girls, respectively. The overall injury rate for both sexes was 11.7 per 1,000 player-hours. Of total injuries 47% were contusions, 22% sprains, 18% lacerations, and 6% fractures. More than 60% of the injuries involved the lower extremities, 17% the head and neck, and 14% the upper extremities. The authors conclude that youth soccer, even on this highly competitive level, is a sport with few and mainly minor injuries.
Many scholars and analysts have studied intelligence failure and surprise and developed theories to explain disasters such as the attack on Pearl Harbor. Others, especially since the 9/11 attacks, have examined the rising threat of terrorism and see it as posing a particularly difficult challenge for the intelligence community. But little work has been done to integrate the earlier literature on intelligence failure with the newer threat of terrorist attack. This article attempts such an integration, by examining the bombing of the US Marine Barracks in Beirut in 1983; it concludes that most studies of the Beirut bombing are mistaken in their assessment of the role played by intelligence in that disaster, and suggests that our understanding of intelligence failure against surprise attacks needs to be revised in the age of terrorism.
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