Members of the Sox gene family play roles in many biological processes including organogenesis. We carried out comparative in situ hybridization analysis of seventeen sox genes (Sox1-14, 17, 18, 21) during murine odontogenesis from the epithelial thickening to the cytodifferentiation stages. Localized expression of five Sox genes (Sox6, 9, 13, 14 and 21) was observed in tooth bud epithelium. Sox13 showed restricted expression in the primary enamel knots. At the early bell stage, three Sox genes (Sox8, 11, 17 and 21) were expressed in pre-ameloblasts, whereas two others (Sox5 and 18) showed expression in odontoblasts. Sox genes thus showed a dynamic spatio-temporal expression during tooth development.
Epidemiological study of tooth brushing is essential to evaluate dental health of a country. Objective: To obtain data on tooth brushing frequency, time of day and duration from adults and children in Jakarta, Indonesia. Methods: Toothbrushes containing data loggers were distributed to 120 random families in Jakarta to record how many times a day, when and for how long subjects brushed their teeth. The families were each composed of a mother, father and two children aged between 6 and 15 years. Results: The mean brushing frequency of the population was 1.27 times per day. The majority of the tooth brushing (46%) was performed in the morning. The mean tooth brushing duration of this population was 57.29 seconds. The mothers' tooth brushing frequencies tended to be higher than that of the other family members, and the fathers tended to brush their teeth longer. Conclusion: Effective education aimed at increasing both the duration and frequency of tooth brushing from once to twice per day is urgently required in Indonesia. ABSTRAK Pengukuran frekuensi, waktu dan lamanya sikat gigi pada populasi dewasa dan anak di Jakarta, Indonesia. Studi Epidemiologi sangatlah penting untuk mengevaluasi kesehatan gigi dan mulut suatu negara. Tujuan: Mendapatkan data frekuensi, waktu, dan lamanya menyikat gigi orang dewasa dan anak-anak di Jakarta, Indonesia. Metode: Sikat gigi yang telah berisi pencatat data dijital disebar secara acak pada 120 keluarga di Jakarta untuk mendapatkan data menyikat gigi dalam keluarga tersebut. Keluarga yang dianalisis adalah bapak, ibu dan dua orang anak yang berusia antara 6-15 tahun. Hasil: Rerata frekuensi sikat gigi populasi penelitian adalah 1.27 kali per hari. Sebagian besar individu (46%) menyikat gigi pada pagi hari. Rerata waktu lamanya menyikat gigi adalah 57.29 detik. Frekuensi menyikat gigi ibu cenderung lebih tinggi daripada anggota keluarga yang lain, sementara bapak cenderung menyikat gigi lebih lama. Simpulan: Pendidikan efektif yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan lamanya dan frekuensi menyikat gigi dari satu kali menjadi dua kali masih sangat penting dilakukan di Indonesia.
Background: Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) are oral bacteria related to root canal infection and periodontal disease pathogenesis. Strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa) fruit are rich in vitamins and minerals, have antibacterial and antioxidant effects. Objective: This study investigated the inhibition effect of strawberry extract on monospecies and multispecies E. faecalis and P. gingivalis bacteria grown as biofilms in vitro. Methods: This study used E. faecalis ATCC 29212 and P. gingivalis ATCC 33277. It analyzed the effect of strawberry extract on bacteria biofilm formation using a biofilm assay on microplate wells. Five concentrations of strawberry extracts were used (100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, and 6.25%), and the inhibition effect was observed after a 1h, 3h, 6h, and 24h incubation period. Biofilms without the strawberry extract were used as the negative controls, and crystal violet and safranin (0.5% w / v ) were used to count the biofilm mass. The biofilms grown on microplates were counted using an ELISA reader at 450 nm after 200 mL of 90% ethanol was added to attract the absorbed stain. The strawberry extract inhibition effectiveness on the biofilm formation of each bacterium tested was analyzed using one-way Anova, where p<0.05 was defined as a significant difference. Result: The strawberry extract inhibited the tested monospecies and multispecies bacteria biofilm formation. The optimal strawberry extract concentration for the inhibition of either monospecies biofilms was 100%. However, the optimal incubation time for the strawberry extract to inhibit the multispecies biofilm formation was 24h, which was the study's biofilm maturity phase. Conclusions: The 100% strawberry extract concentration inhibited the formation of both the monospecies and multispecies E. faecalis and P. gingivalis biofilms. Future studies are needed to evaluate the potential of strawberry extract as an alternative dental therapy.
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