a b s t r a c tThe topic of this paper is a collection of user interface (UI) design patterns for mobile applications. In the paper we present the structure of the patterns collection -the patterns are suggested solutions to problems that are grouped into a set of problem areas that are further grouped into three main problem areas -a structure which is valuable both as an index to identifying patterns to use, and it gives a fairly comprehensive overview of issues when designing user interfaces for mobile applications. To show the breadth of the patterns collection we present six individual problems with connected design patterns in some detail -each coming from different problem areas. They represent important and relevant problems, and are on different levels of abstraction, thus showing how patterns may be used to present problems and solutions on different levels of detail. To show the relevance and usefulness of the patterns collection for usability professionals with a mixed background, we present some relevant findings from a validation of the patterns collection. In addition to verifying the relevance and usefulness of the patterns collection, it also shows both expected and surprising correlations between background and perceived relevance and usefulness. One important finding from the validation is an indication that the patterns collection is best suited for experienced UI developers wanting to start developing mobile UIs. Using a patterns collection for documenting design knowledge and experience has been a mixed experience, so we discuss pros and cons of this. Finally, we present related work and future research.

The present paper is an attempt to sort out the wide variety of concepts used in connection with systems integration. and to give an overview of the f i e l d . The p a p e r is primarily descriptive. but also to some extent prescriptive. Four arpects of systems integration are addressed: Integration technology, Inlegration architecture, Semantic integration and User integration.Our main message is that systems integration is diffiult and complicated. and that there are no obvious shortcuts. In addition, integralion is made difjicult by most existing systems being twt particularly integration friendly. In the paper we give some guidelines to how systems should be built to be more integration friendly. We also give some recommendations on how existing system may be made more integration friendly. To ab integration in practice, one has to know all the ins and outs. This paper tries to point out some of them.

Most work on model-based cross-platform user interface development is based on an assumption that the user interfaces on the different platforms should be as similar as possible. Much work on mobile user interfaces claim the opposite-that user interfaces on a mobile platform should have features not applicable on a stationary one and vise versa. Exploiting contextual information in user interfaces on mobile equipment is a prime example of this. This paper focus on this dichotomy between common development and exploiting platform specific features (or having specialized versions) on each platform. Few or none of the existing model-based languages and tools for user interface development are able to combine these two needs. These aspects are initially very difficult to combine, but in the paper we present an approach that makes this possible. First we briefly present our modelling approach, we pinpoint some of the general differences between mobile and stationary user interfaces, and we present an approach to building such selfadapting systems where the adaptation is handled by generic middleware. Our approach builds on component frameworks and variability engineering to achieve adaptable systems, and property modelling, architectural reflection and context monitoring to support dynamic self-adaptation. With this as a background we investigate how the presented modelling approach may be extended and combined with the adaptive architecture to facilitate model-based user interface adaptation. Finally, we present some more general principles for how model-based approaches may be used when developing adaptive user interfaces.

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a b s t r a c tThe topic of this paper is a collection of user interface (UI) design patterns for mobile applications. In the paper we present the structure of the patterns collection -the patterns are suggested solutions to problems that are grouped into a set of problem areas that are further grouped into three main problem areas -a structure which is valuable both as an index to identifying patterns to use, and it gives a fairly comprehensive overview of issues when designing user interfaces for mobile applications. To show the breadth of the patterns collection we present six individual problems with connected design patterns in some detail -each coming from different problem areas. They represent important and relevant problems, and are on different levels of abstraction, thus showing how patterns may be used to present problems and solutions on different levels of detail. To show the relevance and usefulness of the patterns collection for usability professionals with a mixed background, we present some relevant findings from a validation of the patterns collection. In addition to verifying the relevance and usefulness of the patterns collection, it also shows both expected and surprising correlations between background and perceived relevance and usefulness. One important finding from the validation is an indication that the patterns collection is best suited for experienced UI developers wanting to start developing mobile UIs. Using a patterns collection for documenting design knowledge and experience has been a mixed experience, so we discuss pros and cons of this. Finally, we present related work and future research.