Thermodynamic studies on the interactions between intercalator-neomycin conjugates and a DNA polynucleotide triplex [poly(dA)•2poly(dT)] were conducted. To draw a complete picture of such interactions, naphthalenedimide-neomycin (3) and anthraquinone-neomycin (4) were synthesized and used together with two other analogues, previously synthesized pyrene-neomycin (1) and BQQ-neomycin (2), in our investigations. A combination of experiments including UV denaturation, circular dichroism (CD) titration, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) revealed that all four conjugates (1–4) stabilized poly(dA)•2poly(dT) much greater than its parent compound, neomycin. UV melting experiments clearly showed that the temperature (Tm3→2) at which poly(dA)•2poly(dT) dissociated into poly(dA)•poly(dT) and poly(dT) increased dramatically (> 12 °C) in the presence of intercalator-neomycin (1–4) even at a very low concentration (2 µM). In contrast to intercalator-neomycin conjugates, the increment of Tm3→2 of poly(dA)•2poly(dT) induced by neomycin was negligible under the same conditions. The binding preference of intercalator-neomycin (1–4) to poly(dA)•2poly(dT) was also confirmed by competition dialysis and fluorescent intercalator displacement assay. Circular dichroism titration studies revealed that compound 1–4 had slightly larger binding site size (~7–7.5) with poly(dA)•2poly(dT) as compared to neomycin (~6.5). The thermodynamic parameters of these intercalator-neomycin conjugates with poly(dA)•2poly(dT) were derived from an integrated van’t Hoff equation using the Tm3→2 values, the binding site size numbers, and other parameters obtained from DSC and ITC. The binding affinity of all tested ligands with poly(dA)•2poly(dT) increased in the order neomycin < 1 < 3 < 4 < 2. Amongst them, the binding constant [(2.7 ± 0.3) × 108 M−1] of 2 with poly(dA)•2poly(dT) was the highest, almost 1000 fold more than that of neomycin. The binding of compounds 1–4 with poly(dA)•2poly(dT) was mostly enthalpy—driven and gave negative ΔCp values. The results described here suggest that the binding affinity of intercalator-neomycin conjugates to poly(dA)•2poly(dT) increases as a function of the surface area of the intercalator moiety.
Recognition of nucleic acids is important for our understanding of nucleic acid structure as well as for our understanding of nucleic acid-protein interactions. In addition to the direct readout mechanisms of nucleic acids such as H-bonding, shape recognition of nucleic acids is being increasingly recognized to play an equally important role in DNA recognition. Competition Dialysis, UV, Flourescent Intercalator displacement (FID), Computational Docking, and calorimetry studies were conducted to study the interaction of neomycin with a variety of nucleic acid conformations (shapes). At pH 5.5, these results suggest: (1) Neomycin binds three RNA structures (16S A site rRNA, poly(rA)•poly(rA), and poly(rA)•poly(rU)) with high affinities, Ka~107M−1. (2) The binding of neomycin to A-form GC-rich oligomer d(A2G15C15T2)2 has comparable affinity to RNA structures. (3) The binding of neomycin to DNA•RNA hybrids shows a three-fold variance attributable to their structural differences (poly(dA) •poly(rU), Ka=9.4×106M−1 and poly(rA)•poly(dT), Ka=3.1×106M−1). (4) The interaction of neomycin with DNA triplex poly(dA)•2poly(dT) yields a binding affinity of Ka=2.4×105M−1. (5) Poly(dA-dT)2 showed the lowest association constant for all nucleic acids studied (Ka=<105). (6) Neomycin binds to G-quadruplexes with Ka~104-105M−1. (7) Computational studies show that the decrease in major groove width in the B to A transition correlates with increasing neomycin affinity. Neomycin’s affinity for various nucleic acid structures can be ranked as follows, RNAs and GC-rich d(A2G15C15T2)2 structures > poly(dA)•poly(rU) > poly(rA)•poly(dT) > T•A-T triplex , G-quadruplexes, B-form AT-rich or GC-rich DNA sequences. The results illustrate the first example of a small molecule based ‘shape readout’ of different nucleic acid conformations.
The authors report the recognition of a G-quadruplex formed by four repeat human telomeric DNA with aminosugar intercalator conjugates. The recognition of G-quadruplex through dual binding mode ligands significantly increased the affinity of ligands for G-quadruplex. One such example is a neomycin-anthraquinone 2 which exhibited nanomolar affinity for the quadruplex, and the affinity of 2 is nearly 1000 fold higher for human telomeric G-quadruplex DNA than its constituent units, neomycin and anthraquinone.
Antisense strategies that target DNA·RNA hybrid structures offer potential for the development of new therapeutic drugs. The α-sarcin loop region of the 23S [corrected] rRNA domain has been shown to be a high value target for such strategies. Herein, aminoglycoside interaction with three RNA·DNA α-sarcin targeted duplexes (rR·dY, rR·S-dY, and rR·2'OMe-rY) have been investigated to determine the overall effect of aminoglycoside interaction on the stability, affinity, and conformation of these hybrid duplexes. To this end, UV thermal denaturation, circular dichroism spectroscopy, fluorescence intercalator displacement, and ITC as well as DSC calorimetry experiments were carried out. The results suggest the following. (1) Of all the aminoglycosides studied, neomycin confers the highest thermal stability on all three hybrid duplexes studied. (2) There is no appreciable difference in aminoglycoside-induced thermal stability between the unmodified rR·dY and phophorothioate modified rR·S-dY duplexes. (3) The rR·2'OMe-rY duplexes thermal stability is slightly less than the other two hybrids. (4) In all three duplexes, aminoglycoside-induced thermal stability decreased as the number of amino groups decreased. (5) CD scans revealed similar spectra for the rR·dY and rR·S-dY duplexes as well as a more pronounced A-form signal for the rR·2'OMe-rY duplex. (6) FID assays paralleled the CD results, yielding similar affinity values between the rR·dY and rR·S-dY duplexes and higher affinities with the rR·2'OMe-rY duplex. (7) The overall affinity trend between aminoglycosides and the three duplexes was determined to be neomycin> paromomycin > neamine > ribostamycin. (8) ITC K(a) values revealed similar binding constants for the rR·dY and rR·S-dY duplexes with rR·dY having a K(1) of (1.03 ± 0.58) × 10(7) M(-1) and K(2) of (1.13 ± 0.07) × 10(5) M(-1) while rR·S-dY produced a K(1) of (1.17 ± 0.54) × 10(7) M(-1) and K(2) of (1.27 ± 0.69) × 10(5) M(-1). (8) The rR·2'OMe-rY produced a slightly higher binding constant values with a K(1) of (1.25 ± 0.24) × 10(7) M(-1) and K(2) of (3.62 ± 0.18) × 10(5) M(-1). (9) The ΔT(m)-derived K(Tm) of 3.81 × 10(7) M(-1) for rR·S-dY was in relative agreement with the corresponding K(1) of 1.17 × 10(7) M(-1) derived constant from the fitted ITC. These results illustrate that the increased DNA·RNA hybrid duplex stability in the presence of aminoglycosides can help extend the roles of aminoglycosides in designing modified ODNs for targeting RNA.
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