We present an optical coding technique that enhances the anticounterfeiting power of security holograms. The principle of the technique is based on the moiré phenomenon. The code in the hologram has a phase pattern that is invisible and cannot be detected by optical equipment, so that imitation is extremely difficult. Holographic, photographic, and embossing techniques are used in fabricating coded holograms and decoders.
An ac measuring technique devised primarily for measuring galvanomagnetic effects in metals is presented. The instrument may, however, be useful whenever it is desired to measure and record continuously impedances in the range 10−3 to 10−8 Ω. The sample assembly is disscussed in some detail. Measurements with the bridge show that in the temperature range 300°K to 4.2°K the noise level changes from 30×10−11 V to 10−11 V without any zero shift, and as a result the lower limit for the impedance range changes from 10−6 Ω to less than 5×10−8 Ω.
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