Primates are the object of increased research recently. Experiments on non-human-primates (NHP) can determine their psychological level. NHP Macaca fascicularis is a primate that lives socially with a social hierarchy. Alpha-male becomes the leader of the group. Beneficial access is higher in alpha-male, against the conflicts to be initiated for certain interests. This study provides an overview of alpha-male aggressiveness in groups based on psychological stressors obtained during field observations. The research was conducted at Mbah Agung Karangbanar Religious Tourism Park, Central Java, Indonesia, group-size of 12 adult male, 14 adult female, 8 sub-adult male, 9 sub-adult female, 10 juvenile male, 14 juvenile female, and 6 infants. Aggressive observation (sampling-rules) is behavioral-animal sampling on alpha-male individuals and one individual for each age group as the subject of observation. Observations were carried out for 8 days with one-zero sampling. Adult male and alpha-male aggressive behavior ranked the highest during observation, that psychological stressors obtained.
This research aimed to record the daily activity of long-tail macaques (Macaca fascicularis Raffles) in Cikakak Tourist Resort Wangon. The daily activity of monkey was taken by the Scan Sampling method, and their moving behavior was observed with the Chivers method by following them from the time they began to wake up to they started to sleep. The Path method was applied to observe plant varieties they ate. Based on the observation, it was found that the long-tailed macaques have consumed 64 plant types (35 families) consisting of 21 trees, 33 shoots, and 24 buds. Syzygium polyanthum and Ficus sp were the dominant plants in the area. The macaque activities mostly performed in the morning, while in the evening, they seemed to take a rest.
The long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis Raffles, 1821) is a non-human primate (NHP) species with social status in its group. Macaca fascicularis living in groups and social castes. Alpha males lead their group. Alpha males will have greater access to food than individuals with lower social castes. The content of feed eaten by animals, of course, will affect health. Various biological processes occur, from the food eaten by animals to affect the health of human life. If the food eaten is toxic, it will be hazardous to the animal's metabolism for life. According to a Muslim perspective, how much better food can be eaten is included in Halal products. Including, in this case, food ingredients for feed, if it comes from ingredients that are included in the halal category, this will provide animal welfare. This study seeks to explain how visitors' feed types (provisioning food) to alpha-male Macaca fascicularis at Mbah Agung Karangbanar Recreation Forest, Banyumas, Central Java, Indonesia. This study used behavioral coding to measure the frequency and quantity of eating behavior for ten days based on visitor feeding. The remainder of the provisioning food found is recorded as data on the type of provisioning food. Based on the study results, the alpha-male was noted to eat provisioning food such as peanuts, bananas, sweet potatoes, snacks, and foods mixed with soy sauce given by visitors. All of them are halal because they eat visitors every time they come to a tourist location. Alpha-male was noted to have no interest in the carcasses found, so they did not eat them.
We found the phenomenon of human−primate conflict (HPC) in the Kalisalak Forest, Central Java, Indonesia. This location is also known locally as the research site of the Kalisalak Study Site or Kalisalak Grand Forest Park (KGFP) and is used for religious activities by local ethnicities. The research site is used for pilgrimages every Suro Month in the Islamic calendar. Based on the history adopted from the local people, the macaques already existed in the colonial period of the Dutch East Indies. We interviewed "caretakers", mentioning that there are about 75 to 100 long-tailed macaques, but an unusual phenomenon occurs in HPC. According to local people, this conflict is in the form of crop-raiding, expressing agonistic behaviour such as grimacing and chasing visitors. However, when we repeated observations for one month, there was no conflict between long-tailed macaques and humans. The recorded population is still one large group. Besides, to conserve long-tailed macaques and minimize the incidence of HPC, further research is needed to be related to the management of primates by considering the location of the grand forest park type as well as secondary forest types, with the main commodity of the community being forest products.
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