No abstract

Introduction Significant scientific advances during the past 3 decades have deepened our understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of penile erection. A critical evaluation of the current state of knowledge is essential to provide perspective for future research and development of new therapies. Aim To develop an evidence-based, state-of-the-art consensus report on the anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction (ED). Methods Consensus process over a period of 16 months, representing the opinions of 12 experts from seven countries. Main Outcome Measure Expert opinion was based on the grading of scientific and evidence-based medical literature, internal committee discussion, public presentation, and debate. Results ED occurs from multifaceted, complex mechanisms that can involve disruptions in neural, vascular, and hormonal signaling. Research on central neural regulation of penile erection is progressing rapidly with the identification of key neurotransmitters and the association of neural structures with both spinal and supraspinal pathways that regulate sexual function. In parallel to advances in cardiovascular physiology, the most extensive efforts in the physiology of penile erection have focused on elucidating mechanisms that regulate the functions of the endothelium and vascular smooth muscle of the corpus cavernosum. Major health concerns such as atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) have become well integrated into the investigation of ED. Conclusions Despite the efficacy of current therapies, they remain insufficient to address growing patient populations, such as those with diabetes and MetS. In addition, increasing awareness of the adverse side effects of commonly prescribed medications on sexual function provides a rationale for developing new treatment strategies that minimize the likelihood of causing sexual dysfunction. Many basic questions with regard to erectile function remain unanswered and further laboratory and clinical studies are necessary.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

Reduction or dysfunction of the intracavernous smooth muscle fibers can provoke impotence. Computerized digital image analysis of corpus cavernosum biopsies was performed in potent and impotent patients to quantify the percentage of smooth muscle fibers. In 5 normal patients the smooth muscle area represented 40 to 52% of the specimen, in 20 patients with cavernous dysfunction it was 10 to 36% and in 10 patients with arterial disease it was 13 to 25%. This method appears to be important to understand better certain mechanisms of impotence and to approach the potential treatment.

No abstract