A challenge for nonlinear imaging in living tissue is to maximize the total fluorescent yield from each fluorophore. We investigated the emission rates of three fluorophores – rhodamine B, a red fluorescent protein, and CdSe quantum dots – while manipulating the phase of the laser excitation pulse at the focus. In all cases a transform-limited pulse maximized the total yield to insure the highest signal-to-noise ratio. Further, we find evidence of fluorescence anti-bleaching in quantum dot samples.
High-resolution mosaic imaging is performed for the first time to our knowledge with a multifocal, multiphoton, photon-counting imaging system. We present a novel design consisting of a home-built femtosecond Yb-doped KGdWO(4) laser with an optical multiplexer, which is coupled with a commercial Olympus IX-71 microscope frame. Photon counting is performed using single-element detectors and an inexpensive electronic demultiplexer and counters.
Four images of Drosophila Melanogaster antennal lobe structure labeled with red fluorescent protein. The images are separated axially by 7 μm in depth, and were all acquired simultaneously from a single-element detector.
Abstract:We present the application of remote focusing to multiphoton laser scanning microscopy and utilize this technology to demonstrate simultaneous, programmable multi-layer imaging. Remote focusing is used to independently control the axial location of multiple focal planes that can be simultaneously imaged with single element detection. This facilitates volumetric multiphoton imaging in scattering specimens and can be practically scaled to a large number of focal planes. Further, it is demonstrated that the remote focusing control can be synchronized with the lateral scan directions, enabling imaging in orthogonal scan planes.
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