and thanks the Reserve Bank staff for their hospitality. The authors also thank Hui Guo, Frank Schmid, and Robert Rasche for helpful comments. Charles Hokayem provided research assistance.
Using a graphical method, a new way of determining the optimal degree of central bank conservativeness is developed in this paper. Unlike Lohmann (1992) and Rogoff (1985), we are able to express the upper and lower bounds of the interval containing the optimal degree of conservativeness in terms of the structural parameters of the model. Next, we show that optimal central bank independence is higher, the higher the natural rate of unemployment, the greater the benefits of unanticipated inflation, the less inflationaverse society, and the smaller the variance of productivity shocks. These propositions are tested for nineteen industrial countries (Australia,
We employ an expectations augmented Phillips curve framework to investigate the link between inflation, unit labour costs, the output gap, the real exchange rate and inflation expectations. Using multivariate cointegration techniques, we find evidence consistent with mark-up behaviour of output prices over unit labour costs. Most importantly, we find that the mark-up in the South African economy is much higher than in the U.S. For South Africa we find a markup of about 30 per cent: three times as high as the 10 per cent markup found for the U.S. Copyright 2005 Economic Society of South Africa.
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