The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1)-encoded trans-activator (tat) increases HIV gene expression and replication. Previously, we demonstrated that tat facilitates elongation of transcription through the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) and that short transcripts corresponding to prematurely terminated RNA are released and accumulate in the absence of tat. Here, using a transient expression assay, we tested clustered and compensatory mutations, as wall as 3' deletions, in the trans-acting responsive region (tar) and observed that the primary sequence in the loop and secondary structure in the stem of the stem-loop in tar are required for trans-activation by tat. Insertions in the 5' region of tar revealed that tar must be near the site of HIV-1 initiation of transcription for trans-activation by tat. Deletions (3') and an insertion in tar demonstrated that an intact stem-loop is required for the recovery of prematurely terminated transcripts. Short and full-length transcripts were observed also with HIV type 2 (HIV-2) in the absence and presence of tat, respectively. We conclude that an intact stem-loop in tar is essential for trans-activation by tat and that initiation of transcription by HIV-1 promoter factors and elongation of transcription by tat are coupled.

This paper reports on the separation of the Dictyostelium discoideum chromosomes by pulse-field electrophoresis and the correlation of the electrophoretic pattern with linkage groups established by classical genetic methods. In two commonly used laboratory strains, five chromosome-sized DNA molecules have been identified. Although the majority of the molecular probes used in this study can be unambiguously assigned to established linkage groups, the electrophoretic karyotype differs between the closely related strains AX3k and NC4, suggesting that chromosomal fragmentation may have occurred during their maintenance and growth. The largest chromosome identified in this study is approximately 9 million base pairs. To achieve resolution with molecules of this size, programmed voltage gradients were used in addition to programmed pulse times.The cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum is widely used in the study of morphogenesis, cell-cell interaction, and signal transduction (for recent reviews, see refs. 1 and 2). Extensive genetic studies have helped to define the genes underlying these processes, and many genes have been mapped to well-studied linkage groups (reviewed in ref.3). A considerable number have also been ordered by mitotic recombination (4, 5). Laboratory strains ofD. discoideum are thought to have seven chromosomes (6, 7), although only six linkage groups have been identified (3).To aid in the correlation of linkage group with physical structure and to develop a rapid and accurate method for studying genetic fine structure in D. discoideum, we have examined the conditions necessary for separation of D. discoideum chromosomal-sized DNA molecules by pulsefield gel electrophoresis (8, 9). We report here on the number ofelectrophoretic species detected by clamped homogeneous electric field (CHEF) electrophoresis (10) and show, using a variety of molecular probes, that it is possible to correlate the genetic and physical map, thus enlarging the genetic possibilities in this organism. MATERIALS AND METHODSStrains. D. discoideum AX3k and NC4 were received from R. Firtel (University of California, San Diego, CA) and J. T. Bonner (Princeton University, Princeton, NJ), respectively.Growth conditions. In most experiments, cells were propagated on 15-cm GYP plates (11) with Escherichia coli B/r as the food source. Strain AX3k was grown on E. coli B/r or axenically in HL5 medium (12). Incubation was at 21°C in a humidified growth chamber or at 21°C in a water bath on a rotary shaker. Cells were starved by plating well-washed cells at a density of approximately S x 104 amoebae per mm2 on 2% agar plates (20 g of agar per liter of distilled deionized water).Cell Preparation. Cells were harvested at various stages of growth and development, washed several times at room temperature in phosphate buffer (13), and mixed at 390C with an equal volume of FMC InCert agarose. For most of the experiments reported here, cells were allowed to develop to the loose-mound stage before they were harvested. As we will di...

The authors developed and evaluated a method to automatically create interactive vascular curved planar reformations with computed tomographic (CT) angiographic data. The method decreased user interaction time by 86%, from 15 to 2 minutes. Expert reviewers were asked to indicate their confidence in differentiating automatically created images from clinical-quality manually produced images. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.45 (95% CI: 0.39, 0.51), and a test of equivalency indicated that reviewers could not distinguish between images. They also graded image quality as equivalent to that with manual methods and found fewer artifacts on automatically created images. Automatic methods rapidly produce curved planar reformations of equivalent quality with reduced time and effort.

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