Depression is the most common mental disorder in pregnancy. An important risk factor in the development of prenatal depression is lifetime history of abuse. The current review quantitatively synthesized research on the association between history of abuse and prenatal depressive symptoms using a meta-analytic technique. A total of 3322 articles were identified through electronic searches of the following databases: PsycINFO, PubMed, CINAHL, and EMBASE Cochrane Collaboration databases between the years of 1980 and 2016. All were independently screened against the following inclusion criteria: articles reporting on original data that included measures of prenatal depression and abuse. Data were extracted by the first and second authors. Descriptive analyses were conducted using Excel version 15.32, and all analyses involving effect sizes were conducted using comprehensive meta-analysis (CMA) version 3.0. Seventy articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analyses. Meta-bias detected no publication bias. Abuse had a significant positive relation with prenatal depressive symptoms, with effect sizes in the moderate range for any abuse ([Formula: see text] = 0.287), physical abuse ([Formula: see text] = 0.271), sexual abuse ([Formula: see text] = 0.259), and emotional abuse ([Formula: see text] = 0.340; Cohen 1969. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Academic Press, New York). The meta-analyses found a robust relation between abuse and prenatal depressive symptoms holding across a variety of demographic and study design characteristics. These results reinforce the established association between trauma victimization and subsequent psychopathology, extending current knowledge to specifically address the under-studied area of prenatal depression. These findings highlight the need for women who have survived child or adulthood abuse to receive appropriate referral and psychological treatment to mitigate their risk for prenatal depression.
Introduction:Suicidal behaviour is one of the most common reasons for presentation to the emergency rooms. Bullying is a universal public health concern that affects significant number of adolescents. Many children and adolescents are recurrently involved in school bullying. Research suggests that both bullies and victims are overrepresented amongst those seen by mental health professionals. Objectives: Understand the the relationship between bullying and suicidal behaviour, prevalence of different kinds of bullying in patients with mental health problems and prevalence of cyber bullying and it's affect on the victim Aim: Increase public awareness on importance of cyber bullying. We feel that many patients won't disclose that they had been or are being cyber bullied because the characteristics are unclear. Method:Charts of all patients who visited emergency room from 2011 to 2013 with a mental health complaint were reviewed. Variables understudy were gender, history of bullying, type of bullying (verbal, physical, emotional), DSM-IV-TR diagnosis and outcome following the assessment. Results: Our study shows significant association between bullying, and suicidal behaviours, although based on our study, this predictor was not commonly assessed. Conclusion:Our study showed that there was a significant link between bullying and future suicidal behaviour which is not commonly assessed. It is important that physicians identify these risk factor while assessing suicidality. Involvement in current cyber bullying was found to be less frequent than other forms of bullying such as verbal and physical. However, significant links were observed between cyber bullying and suicidal behaviour.
Medical specialties have different opinions on the importance of various suicide predictors. Also, some predictors deemed important had low documentation rates. Educational interventions and simple assessment tools may help to increase documentation rates of several suicide predictors in busy clinical settings.
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