The authors investigated the temporal relationship between client and therapist attachment orientations and early working alliance. Attachment was measured by self-report after the 1st session of therapy. The working alliance ratings were completed after the 1st, 4th, and 7th therapy sessions. Hierarchical linear modeling results indicated that anxiously attached therapists had a significant positive effect on the client working alliances after the 1st session but significant negative effects over time. No other therapist or client attachment variables or related interactions had a significant effect on client working alliance ratings. Results also indicated that time was a significant positive predictor of client working alliance ratings.
A person's internal working models of close relationships (J. Bowlby, 1988) incorporate 2 discrete yet interrelated cognitive schemas: a self model containing perceptions of one's own worth and lovability and an other model embodying core expectations about the trustworthiness and dependability of intimate others in one's social world. This study tested hypothesized interrelationships, in a college-student sample, (a) between self-model differences and self-reported problems and (b) among other-model differences, problem levels, and helpseeking attitudes. As expected, students with positive self models reported significantly fewer problems than did students with negative self models. In addition, students' other-model grouping significantly interacted with their problem levels to predict their expressed willingess to seek counseling. Implications of the findings for counseling practice are discussed.The acknowledgement of personal problems does not, in and of itself, propel affected persons to seek therapeutic help. Presumably, those persons who voluntarily pursue counseling must not only be experiencing distress but must also be inclined, under these circumstances, to perceive others as potential sources of help and support. Because those individual differences that dispose persons to experience problems may be distinct from those that orient them favorably toward seeking help from others, it is important to consider how these person factors may be conceptually interrelated.In this study, we used contemporary attachment theory (Bowlby, 1988) to generate and test hypotheses regarding these individual differences. In particular, we focused on Bowlby's concept of internal working models of attachment as a means of operationalizing (a) subgroups assumed to differ in their dispositions to report personal problems and (b) other subgroups assumed to differ in their inclinations to seek therapeutic help when experiencing high levels of problems.Internal Working Models of Self and Other Attachment theory has been described as a framework for understanding affect regulation in the context of close Frederick G. Lopez, Mickey C. Melendez, Eric M. Sauer, Ellie Berger, and James Wyssmann, Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology, and Special Education, Michigan State University. The contributions of the four junior authors were equal, and their order of authorship was randomly determined.We thank James Fuendeling, Kim Thomas, and David Sagula for their assistance with data collection. We also thank Anne Mauricio, Tracy Smith, and Ken Rice for their comments on earlier versions of the article.Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Frederick G. Lopez, Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology, and Special Education, 441 Erickson Hall, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824.relationships (Kobak & Sceery, 1988). A basic assumption of the theory is that critical variations in the quality of one's early experiences with caregiving figures-particularly around themes of separati...
The counseling psychology Model Training Program (MTP) was written to reflect new developments in counseling psychology, the American Psychological Association, and the world. The updated MTP is aspirational, intended to guide the development and maintenance of counseling psychology programs. The MTP conforms to the American Psychological Association's and the Society of Counseling Psychology's standards and guidelines. A strategic task group appointed by 2015 Society president James W. Lichtenberg sought feedback from the field to assist in its formulation, and the executive boards of the Society and the Council of Counseling Psychology Training Programs approved the final version. The 2017 MTP consists of four core values (i.e., growth toward full potential, holistic and contextual, diversity and social justice, communitarian perspective) as well as 20 principles grouped into six clusters: counseling psychology identity; multiculturalism, diversity, and social justice; health service psychology; developmental, prevention, and strengths orientation; science-practice integration; and relationships within and between professional communities.
The Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies initiated an interorganizational task force to develop guidelines for integrated education and training in cognitive and behavioral psychology at the doctoral level in the United States. Fifteen task force members representing 16 professional associations participated in a year-long series of conferences, and developed a consensus on optimal doctoral education and training in cognitive and behavioral psychology. The recommendations assume solid foundational training that is typical within applied psychology areas such as clinical and counseling psychology programs located in the United States. This article details the background, assumptions, and resulting recommendations specific to doctoral education and training in cognitive and behavioral psychology, including competencies expected in the areas of ethics, research, and practice.
Individuals with high levels of depression symptoms and individuals with insecure attachment orientations have been shown to limit their use of emotional disclosure as a means of emotion regulation. However, little is known about how depression symptoms and insecure attachment orientations might jointly predict whether individuals engage in emotional disclosure. The authors addressed this question using both inter- and intraindividual approaches. College students (N = 121) completed measures of depression symptoms, adult attachment orientation, and generalized disclosure tendencies. To obtain an intraindividual measure of emotional disclosure, participants also completed an online daily diary in which they rated the intensity of the day's most unpleasant event and their disclosure of that event for 7 days. Results indicated that depression symptoms were negatively related to generalized disclosure tendencies and to intraindividual daily intensity-disclosure slopes. Attachment avoidance was negatively related to both generalized disclosure tendencies and to daily disclosure, and attachment anxiety moderated the relation between daily event intensity and disclosure. The authors discuss the implications for theory and counseling psychology practice.
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