Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by insidious irreversible loss of language abilities. Prior studies suggest that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) directed toward language areas of the brain may help to ameliorate symptoms of PPA. In the present sham-controlled study, we examined whether tDCS could be used to enhance language abilities (e.g., picture naming) in individuals with PPA variants primarily characterized by difficulties with speech production (non-fluent and logopenic). Participants were recruited from the Penn Frontotemporal Dementia Center to receive 10 days of both real and sham tDCS (counter-balanced, full-crossover design; participants were naïve to stimulation condition). A battery of language tests was administered at baseline, immediately post-tDCS (real and sham), and 6 weeks and 12 weeks following stimulation. When we accounted for individuals’ baseline performance, our analyses demonstrated a stratification of tDCS effects. Individuals who performed worse at baseline showed tDCS-related improvements in global language performance, grammatical comprehension and semantic processing. Individuals who performed better at baseline showed a slight tDCS-related benefit on our speech repetition metric. Real tDCS may improve language performance in some individuals with PPA. Severity of deficits at baseline may be an important factor in predicting which patients will respond positively to language-targeted tDCS therapies.Clinicaltrials.gov ID: NCT02928848

Objective: Soccer is the most popular sport worldwide and is the only sport where athletes purposely use their head to deflect the ball during play, termed “heading” the ball. These repetitive head impacts (RHI) are associated with worse neuropsychological function; however, factors that can increase risk of injury following exposure to such head impacts have been largely unexamined. The present study provided a novel examination of the modifying role of sleep on the relationship between RHI exposure and neuropsychological function in college-age soccer players. Methods: Fifty varsity and intramural college soccer players completed questionnaires assessing recent and long-term heading exposure, a self-report measure of sleep function, and a battery of neuropsychological tests. Results: A high level of recent heading exposure was significantly associated with poorer processing speed, independent of concussion history. With reduced sleep duration, a high level of recent heading exposure was related to worse sustained attention. However, with greater hours of sleep duration, heading exposure was related to preserved neuropsychological outcome in sustained attention. Conclusions: We replicated our earlier finding of an association between recent head impact exposure and worse processing speed in an independent sample. In addition, we found that sleep may serve as a risk or protective factor for soccer players following extensive exposure to head impacts. Ultimately, this study furthers the understanding of factors impacting neuropsychological function in soccer players and provides empirical support for sleep interventions to help ensure safer soccer play and recovery from injury.

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Cognitive control (CC) is a vital component of cognition associated with problem-solving in everyday life. Many neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions have deficits associated with CC. CC is composed of multiple behaviors including switching, inhibiting, and updating. The fronto-parietal control network B (FPCN-B), the dorsal attention network (DAN), the cingulo-opercular network (CON) and the dorsal default-mode network (dorsal-DMN) have been associated with switching and inhibiting behaviors. However, our understanding of how these brain regions interact to bring about CC behaviors is still unclear. In the current study, participants performed two in-scanner tasks that required switching and inhibiting. We then used a series of support vector regression (SVR) models containing individually-estimated functional connectivity between the networks of interest derived during tasks and at rest to predict inhibition and switching behaviors in individual subjects. We observed that the combination of between-network connectivity from these individually estimated functional networks predicted accurate and timely inhibition and switching behaviors in individuals. We also observed that the relationships between canonical task-positive and task-negative networks predicted inhibiting and switching behaviors. Finally, we observed a functional dissociation between the FPCN-A and FPCN-B during rest, and task performance predicted inhibiting and switching behaviors. These results suggest that individually estimated networks can predict individual CC behaviors, that between-network functional connectivity estimated within individuals is vital to understanding how CC arises, and that the fractionation of the FPCN and the DMN may be associated with different behaviors than their canonically accepted behaviors.