This study has shown an inverse relationship between the diameter of the aneurysm and the length of the aortic neck (correlation coefficient, -0.3640, p < 0.001). The diameter of an aneurysm was the most useful of the 31 parameters measured in predicting the feasibility of endoaortic grafting, estimated at 71% for aneurysms less than 60 mm in diameter and 37.5% for aneurysms greater than 60 mm in diameter (p < 0.01).
Designers of electronic commerce (e-commerce) transaction system applications face many challenges; some are old while others are emerging because of the emerging nature of the e-commerce domain itself. This article examines the critical design challenges at different stages of the design process of e-commerce applications. The high-level designs have a large number of new issues specific to Web applications. Among them, the security and networking problems are the most determinant for the success of the applications. At the detailed design level, the languages and the user interface are major concerns. The user interface, specific to the Web, forces designers to redefine the traditional concept of the end user for the more appropriate customer-centric concept. This is necessary to address the needs of consumers and for the survival of e-commerce businesses.In addition, we also examine issues bothering the development team and the e-commerce environment. Designers experienced in non-Web applications can be more successful at developing e-commerce applications if they address the issues we identified in this article in a creative way.
K E Y W O R D Sdesign issues, e-commerce, e-commerce systems/application
INTRODUCTIONThe concept of electronic commerce (e-commerce) has crystallized into a fairly well understood concept 1-7 ; its popularity and fast paced acceptance as an alternative to the brick and mortar market economic model 3,8 tend to undermine a clear understanding, and clear exposition of the characteristics, of e-commerce. Most adherents of e-commerce often focus only on the exchange of value end product 6,7 without paying close attention to, or knowing the intricacies of, the underlying transaction itself. 1,4,[9][10][11][12][13] Therefore, a proper characterization of e-commerce applications is fundamental. We focus on the design challenges in e-commerce transactions in a typical business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce domain, which is more popular, more widely patronized by users, and attracts a higher volume of e-commerce transactions. The B2C e-commerce includes retail transactions of products or services from businesses to individual shoppers (ie, businesses sell products or services to individual consumers). Thus, the seller is a business organization whereas the buyer is a consumer.
The VENUS (http://venus.uvic.ca/) and NEPTUNE Canada (http://neptunecanada.ca/) cabled ocean observatories have been envisioned from their inception as underwater extensions of the Internet. Having sensors connected to a network opens up tremendous opportunities, from real-time access to sensor measurements to the interactive control of remote assets. Moreover, with a software system in control, data from all sensors can be managed, archived and made available to the wider community. Finally, a data management system can also offer features that are unique to centrally managed instrumentation: thanks to communication standards, autonomous event detection and reaction becomes a very powerful possibility. This talk will summarize the salient features of DMAS (Data Management and Archiving System) that have been implemented over the past four years as well as the planned features to be delivered soon.
DMAS consists of two main components: The Data Acquisition Framework (DAF) takes care of the interaction with instruments in terms of control, monitoring as well as data acquisition and storage. The framework also contains operation control tools. The user interaction features include data search and retrieval, data distribution. Current developments in the Web 2.0 area will provide a complete research environment where users will have the ability to work and interact on-line with colleagues, process and visualize data, establish observation schedules and pre-program autonomous, event detection and reaction. We call this environment "Oceans 2.0".The architecture of DMAS is focused on limiting the amount of data loss and maximizing up time. It is a service oriented architecture, making use of some of the more advanced tools available. The code is written in Java and makes use of an Enterprise Service Bus and of the publish-and-subscribe paradigm.The paper also describes the management approaches that were adopted to build DMAS. Good code quality, the continuous support of VENUS and the need for flexibility in dealing with rapidly changing requirements were the drivers behind the adoption of in-house development, the Agile development methodology and the creation of three teams. The development team deals with requirement collection, analysis, design, coding and unit testing; the QA/QC team performs software tests and regression in a production-like environment. The systems/operations team focuses on the hardware and system software preparation and support, receives and installs new code releases after QA approval and monitors systems operations. We are vying to perform new code releases twice a month. The method has worked well during the four years of the system development phase and has allowed for a constant support of VENUS. DMAS will be completed well under budget.
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