m,endo-7-Oxabicyclo[2.2.1 ]hepta-2,3-diyl dibrosylate (6) acetolyzes faster than its diexo isomer (exo/endo ratio of 0.68 at 25 °C). In the corresponding monobrosylate series, the exo isomer acetolyzes more rapidly than the endo isomer (exo/endo ratio of 590 at 25 1C). These kinetic results, together with product studies, indicate that the 7-oxygen does not participate in departure of the endo leaving group in the monobrosylate. Increased electron demand in the diendo dibrosylate, however, brings about the first example of 7-oxygen participation in the norbornyl framework. Positive charge that is developing as the first brosyloxy group departs is destabilized by the presence of the second brosyloxy group. Consequently, participation by the 7-oxygen is induced in order to move positive charge away from the remaining electron-withdrawing brosyloxy group.This observation comprises the first example of inductive enhancement of participation by a heteroatom, oxygen in this case.Neighboring group participation by ether oxygen is weaker than that of corresponding sulfur or nitrogen systems but should be optimized when the C-O bond is antiperiplanar with respect to the C-X bond to the leaving group.2 When the oxygen atom is constrained within a polycyclic system, the optimal stereoelectronic arrangement may not be attainable, with resulting diminution in anchimeric assistance. Thus, Martin and Bartlett3 found no evidence for participation in endo-7-oxanorborn-2-yl chloride {endo-1). In this exo/endo pair, the endo chloride is antiperiplanar to the 7-oxygen atom. The lack of acceleration in the endo form is indicated by a relatively normal exo/endo ratio of 310 at 25 °C. The product for both exo and endo isomers, 3-formylcyclopentanol (eq 1), could be explained in terms of unbridged
Warrants are commonplace in the USA, especially bench warrants issued for non-compliance with court orders. Although warrants compel arrest, in practice, officers exercise discretion when enforcing low-level warrants; yet, this discretion goes undocumented and data on warrant enforcement are limited. This collaboration between St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department and the University of Missouri—St. Louis addresses these gaps. Using arrest data, we find that warrant arrests in St. Louis declined from 2002 to 2019. One-third of arrests involve a bench warrant, primarily stemming from traffic violations, and many involve no new charges. Racial disparities in warrant enforcement exist, but data are needed to uncover why. Informal focus groups and meetings with St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department personnel held from 2018 to 2021 provide insight into the role of warrants in officer decision making. We argue that reducing resources devoted to warrant enforcement and racial disparities requires collaboration between police and other stakeholders.
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