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This paper describes an approach of making the FLATCON® CPV technology compatible with standard photovoltaic simulation software like PVSYST and INSEL in order to facilitate yield estimations for potential power plant sites. Due to the use of triple-junction cells, the FLATCON® CPV module efficiency is more sensitive to changes in the solar spectrum than the efficiency of an average single-junction flat plate module. Besides that, the concentrating optics show a temperature dependency. These effects result in a non-linear component in the short circuit dependency on the direct normal irradiance. By means of introducing a "Utilization Factor", deduced from both measured data and theoretical considerations, these CPV peculiarities can be considered in standard software tools and transferred to other locations without the need of overly complex measurements or algorithms.

In this paper, a novel approach to specify application-specific requirements for 3D City Models is proposed. A modular set of geometric and semantic requirements that are based on the OGC CityGML Quality Interoperability Experiment (Coors and Wagner in Fernerkundung und Geoinformation eV 24:288-295, 2015) has been specified. Depending on the purpose of the model, not all requirements are mandatory. For example, if the model is used for visualization only, solid geometry is not required. However, if the same model should be used for analytic purpose such as heating demand simulation, solid geometry is mandatory. A formal definition of a validation plan is proposed in this paper to specify the application-specific set of requirements. This gives the city model manufacturers the possibility to provide proof that their model is usable in certain applications and can certify a certain level of quality. The concept is evaluated with the definition of a validation plan for heating demand simulation. It has been successfully implemented using the Software CityDoctor and SimStadt.

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