Iyith the fibrous hand. As regards their structure, they are characterized by unequal thickening on different sides, usuallj also by partial silicification of their walls.. .. . The fibrous bands in the sterns, leaves, and roots of. . ,. Palms (CIbumerops, P h~n i~, Cclryota, &c.). .. . have interrupted longitudinal rows of plano-convex steglnata c,n their surface. The convex outer nail of these is thin, the inner thickened to a half-These are of two distinct types :-(b) The Zhphiu-type.
The literature relating to methods of determining the osmotic strength of the cell sap in plants is voluminous. Foremost amongst writers on the subject have been De Vries (I, 2, 3, 4, 5), Pfeffer (6), Stange (7), Janse (8 and 9); and many other authors have contributed to our knowledge. But in spite of the attention which has been directed to this line of investigation, few authors have given the results of comparative work on a series of plants, though scattered throughout the literature are many isolated instances which, if brought together, would tell us something of the real range of osmotic strength met with. The results obtained seem to show that in general the osmotic strength of sap in land plants ranges between strengths equivalent to I-3 and 2 per cent. potassium nitrate. It is unfortunate that in the majority of cases the equivalents have been given in percentages of the salt used, for this has greatly obscured the true significance of the results. At the present time it is customary to quote the
I N 1917 a list was published of the Syrphids which had been observed on a number of flowers^. Since then we have extended our observations to other flowers and to all the families of the Diptera. Every species taken by us on flowers of the following plants has been identified, with the result that we are now able to record 124 species as visitors to 35 flowers. A. Flowers with nectaries freely exposed;
ObjectiveSecure knots are essential in all areas of surgical, medical and veterinary practice. Our hypothesis was that technique of formation of each layer of a surgical knot was important to its security.DesignEqual numbers of knots were tied, by each of three groups, using three techniques, for each of four suture materials; a standard flat reef knot (FRK), knots tied under tension (TK) and knots laid without appropriate hand crossing (NHCK). Each knot technique was performed reproducibly, and tested by distraction with increasing force, till each material broke or the knot separated completely.SettingTemporary knot tying laboratory.MaterialsThe suture materials were, 2/0 polyglactin 910 (Vicryl), 3/0 polydioxanone, 4/0 poliglecaprone 25 (Monocryl) and 1 nylon (Ethilon).ParticipantsThree groups comprised, a senior surgeon, a resident surgeon and three medical students.Outcome measuresProportion of each knot type that slipped, degree of slippage and length of suture held in loop secured by each knot type.Results20% of FRK tied with all suture materials slipped; all knots tied with the other two techniques, with all materials, slipped, TK (100%) and NHCK (100%). The quantitative degree of slip was significantly less for FRK (mean 6.3%–, 95% CI 2.2% to 10.4%) than for TK (mean 312%, 95% CI 280.0% to 344.0%) and NHCK (mean 113.0%, –95% CI 94.3% to 131.0%).The mean length of suture in loops held within (FRK mean 25.1 mm 95% CI 24.2 to 26.0 mm) was significantly greater than mean lengths held by the other techniques (TK mean 17.0 mm, 95% CI 16.3 to 17.7 mm), (NHCK mean 16.3 mm, 95% CI 15.9 to 16.7 mm). The latter two types of knot may have tightened more than anticipated, in comparison to FRK, with potential undue tissue tension.ConclusionMeticulous technique of knot tying is essential for secure knots, appropriate tissue tension and the security of anastomoses and haemostasis effected.
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