This is the first study reporting global data on AMR in leprosy. Rifampicin resistance emerged, stressing the need for expansion of surveillance. This is also a call for vigilance on the global use of antimicrobial agents, because ofloxacin resistance probably developed in relation to the general intake of antibiotics for other infections as it is not part of the multidrug combination used to treat leprosy.
e No simple diagnostic tool is available to confirm Mycobacterium ulcerans infection, which is an emerging disease reported in many rural areas of Africa. Here, we report the 1-year results of a hospital laboratory that was created in an area of endemicity of Benin to facilitate the diagnosis of M. ulcerans infection. Buruli ulcer is a neglected tropical disease occurring mainly in poor, rural communities in West Africa and is caused by the environmental pathogen Mycobacterium ulcerans. This bacillus produces a unique toxin called mycolactone, which has cytotoxic and immunomodulatory activity and often causes severe skin ulcerations, disfigurement, and disability, with children the most affected. A combination of rifampin and streptomycin or rifampin and clarithromycin has been recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) since 2004 as the first-line treatment (1, 2). M. ulcerans infection is confirmed by laboratory examination, including Ziehl-Neelsen staining, PCR, histology, and/or culture (3). A fine-needle aspiration (FNA) sample may be collected from nonulcerative lesions (nodule, plaque, or edema), and swabs are taken from the undermined edges of ulcerative lesions (4, 5). Biopsy specimens can be obtained from a punch biopsy sample or from excised necrotic tissue. Rapid diagnosis is essential for the management of patients. Since November 2012, the field laboratory established at the Buruli ulcer treatment center in Pobè, Benin, has been fully equipped to carry out M. ulcerans infection diagnosis and has three separate rooms to avoid crosscontamination. Technicians have been trained to perform quantitative PCR (qPCR) and culture in addition to smear examination. Here, we evaluated the 1-year results of this laboratory, which is the first one associated with a specialized treatment center located in a rural area of endemicity and able to carry out qPCR, culture, and direct smear examination (DSE) of a given sample. Detection and quantification of M. ulcerans by qPCR were compared with culture and Ziehl-Neelsen staining results, and the beneficial effects of this laboratory approach on patient management were evaluated.Among 394 specimens analyzed, 203 (51%) were taken by swab, 101 (26%) by FNA, and 90 (23%) by biopsy. The samples were analyzed by molecular tests (qPCR) and microbiological tests (culture and Ziehl-Neelsen staining). Briefly, swabs were rehydrated and biopsy specimens were minced in 2 ml of sterile water. The Kubica method was used to decontaminate 400 l of swab and skin biopsy specimens to isolate M. ulcerans strains (6). FNA specimens were not decontaminated, because the sampling procedure is considered sterile. After inoculation onto Lowenstein-Jensen medium, growth was monitored weekly for 5 months. Ziehl-Neelsen staining was performed as described previously (3). To prepare DNA, 400 l of suspension was centrifuged, resuspended in 50 mM NaOH solution, and heated at 95°C for 10 min. DNA was then purified with a QIAquick PCR purification kit (Qiagen), according to the manufacturer's ...
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