Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) remain the group most affected by HIV in Canada. Travelling for sex and attendance at specific venues for sex have been linked to elevated HIV risk among GBMSM, but most research on these mobilities and sexual health has focused on GBMSM living in large cities. The purpose of this study was to explore HIV-related sexual risk among GBMSM from mid-sized cities and rural regions who attend gay-specific venues and/or travel for sex. A cross-sectional online survey was completed by a convenience sample of individuals (n = 526) self-identifying as LGBTQ who lived, worked, or studied in Waterloo Region, a mixed urban-rural region in the southwestern part of Ontario, Canada. Analyses for the current study were restricted to those identifying as GBMSM (n = 269). Multinomial logistic regression models were created to explore travelling outside of the Region for sex, as well as recent attendance at gay-specific venues, and their associations with a contextual measure of HIV-related sexual transmission risk. Individuals reporting high HIV risk were significantly more likely to travel outside of Waterloo Region for sex than individuals reporting no HIV risk (OR = 3.08; 95% CI: 1.20, 7.93). The association between travel and risk was strengthened after controlling for education, marital status, sexual orientation, gender modality, and social support (OR = 5.07; 95% CI: 1.73, 14.87). GBMSM who reside outside of large cities may travel farther, enter unfamiliar scenes, or be less privy to information disseminated through current health promotion initiatives for GBMSM in large cities. Due to the dynamic geographic status of GBMSM travelling for sex and attendance at venues, HIV prevention initiatives that target these individuals may benefit from additional conceptualization of health promotion delivery in terms of social and sexual networks, rather than simply by place of residence.
The footwear industry i s unique in its continuous use of joint local conciliation and arbitration boards to handle changes brought about by new technology and the contraction of its labour force. This case study draws on the experience of one board and assesses the wider lessons of an industry-wide arbitration system. NDUSTRIAL relations changes generated by I two world wars, the economic depression of 'the thirties', the recession starting in 1979, new technology and a major contraction of the labour force have been common to many British industries during this century. Footwear remains unique, however, in its continuous use of joint local conciliation and arbitration boards to handle changes resulting both from dramatic and day-to-day events, whether these affect one or more firms in a locality. The following historical account * describes and analyses the operation of one such board as revealed through its minutes and related documents. Because Norwich is a traditional and important centre of footwear manufacture, the exper-* This article derives from SSRC supported research.Eric Armstrong is Robens Professor of Industrial Relations at Manchester Business School.
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