The biofilter system containing tire-derived rubber particle (TDRP) filter media was utilized to treat the odorous gas contaminant, hydrogen sulfide, in consideration of the economic advantage of reusing discarded tire materials and the high potential of TDRP media for biofilm attachment. The pilot-scale system having 0.38 m 3 of bed volume operated with synthetic hydrogen sulfide gas on continuous basis from a range of 0.34 to 1.15 m 3 /min. This bioreactor system achieved over 94% removal efficiency at 20-90 ppm of inlet H 2 S concentration while operating in 20-67 s of empty bed retention time, indicating that overall effective operation was performed at mass loading rates of H 2 S ranging from 19.6 to 28.5 g H 2 S/ (m 3 h). It was apparent by the effectiveness of the system's performance that this system had the capability to effectively remove hydrogen sulfide with high efficiency over a range of concentrations. A maximum elimination capacity was not found for the biofilter during this study, which tested loading rates between 0 and 30 g H 2 S/(m 3 h).
The on-site pilot-scale Static Granular Bed Reactor (SGBR) was used to treat the dairy processing wastewater at the Tulare Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant (IWTP). A pilot unit with approximately 42.5 m3 of active volume was operated for 7 months on a continuous basis with a range of 9 to 48 h HRT condition at ambient temperature. Throughout the whole study, COD and BOD5 removal was consistently over 90% under a broad range of organic loading conditions ranging from 0.63 to 9.72 kg/m3/d. TSS removal was also greater than 80% on average. In terms of organic removal, the SGBR system was robust to the temperature variations ranging from 10 to 29 °C. The adequate periodic backwashing consistently provided the maintenance of a head loss and the wastewater level in the reactor. Based on these results, the SGBR seems to be an excellent alternative for the required pretreatment system from the Tulare IWTP. Several benefits for IWTP could be provided by a full scale application of SGBR due to its simple design and operational advantages over conventional high rate anaerobic systems.
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