Crop growth period responses to climate change directly affect yield and quality; these changes have been investigated, but few studies have researched the quantitative effects of the sowing date (SD), cultivar shift and extreme temperatures on the vegetative growth period (VGP) and reproductive growth period (RGP) of crops. Based on the observed growth periods and weather data from 30 agro-meteorological stations in Northeast China (NEC), the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River (MLYR), the Sichuan Basin (SB) and on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau (YGP) during 1981–2010, we found that (1) advancing the SD resulted in the extension of the VGP but had no significant effect on the RGP. (2) Cultivar shift mainly prolonged the RGP, and its mean contribution to the trend in the RGP (68.4%) was greater than that of climate change (31.6%). (3) Increases in growing degree days (GDD) tended to lengthen the VGP and RGP, and their mean relative contribution to the VGP (65.9%) was higher than that of the RGP (58.4%). (4) Increases in killing degree days (KDD) and decreases in cold degree days (CDD) tended to shorten the VGP and RGP, and the mean relative contribution of KDD to the VGP (− 18.8%) was lower than that of the RGP (− 29.8%), while the mean relative contribution of CDD to the VGP (− 15.2%) was higher than that of the RGP (− 10.9%). The findings highlight the adverse effects of KDD and CDD on the growth periods of single-cropping rice and show how a reasonable SD scientifically matched with suitable cultivar types can make full use of climate resources and mitigate the adverse effects of extreme temperatures.
Plant phenological variations depend largely on temperature, but they cannot be explained by temperature alone in arid and semi-arid regions. To reveal the response mechanisms of grassland phenology to climate change, the effects of temperature, moisture and light at the start (SOS), peak (POS) and end (EOS) of the growing season for Stipa krylovii (S. krylovii) in Inner Mongolian grassland was analysed from 1985–2018 with partial least squares (PLS) regression. The results showed that the SOS was significantly delayed at a rate of 5.4 d/10a (change over 10 years), while POS and EOS were insignificantly advanced, which were inconsistent with the existing understanding that climate warming advances the SOS and delays the EOS. The vapor pressure deficit (VPD) in July, maximum air temperature (Tmax) in September of the previous year, diurnal temperature range (DTR) from mid-February to mid-March, and Tmax from late March to mid-April of the current year were the critical factors and periods triggering the SOS, which contributed to 68.5% of the variation in the SOS. Additionally, the minimum air temperature (Tmin) occurred from mid-December to late December, and precipitation (PRE) occurred from mid-June to late July for POS, which could explain 52.1% of POS variations. In addition, Tmax from late August to early September influenced the EOS with an explanation of 49.3%. The results indicated that the phenological variations in S. krylovii were the result of the combined effects of climatic conditions from the previous year and the current year. Additionally, an increase in the preseason DTR delayed the SOS, and excessive summer precipitation induced an earlier POS, while warming in early autumn induced an earlier EOS, reflecting the adaptation mechanism of the perennial dense-cluster herbaceous plants in semi-arid regions to climate change. These findings could enrich the understanding of plant phenology in response to climate change.
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