Bu çalışmanın amacı vergi yükünün ekonomik büyüme üzerinde etkilerini incelemektir. Bu kapsamda çalışmada 1980-2015 yılları için Türkiye'de vergi yükü ile ekonomik büyüme arasında ki ilişki Pesaran v.d. (2001) tarafından önerilen sınır testi ile analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonunda vergi yükü ve ekonomik büyümenin eş-bütünleşme ilişkisine sahip olduğu saptanmıştır. İki değişken arasında uzun dönemde negatif bir ilişki olduğu bulunmuştur.
Devletler çeşitli makroekonomik hedeflerini karşılamak için belli bir kaynağa ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Bu kaynakların yeterli olmayışı devletleri borçlanmaya sürüklemektedir. Devletler kendi iç kaynaklarından borçlanmanın zorlaştığı durumlarda borçlanmayı dış kaynaklardan sağlanmaya çalışmaktadır. Dış borçlanmanın ekonomi üzerinde çeşitli etkileri olabilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, ekonomik büyüme ile dış borçlar arasında bir ilişki olup olmadığını Türkiye örneği üzerinde incelemektir. Çalışmada 1990-2017 dönemini kapsayan yıllık veriler kullanılmaktadır. Çalışmada VAR modeli ve Granger Nedensellik testi kullanılmaktadır. VAR modelinden elde edilen etkitepki fonksiyonlarına göre, ele alınan dönemde Türkiye'de büyüme de meydana gelen bir şoka karşılık dış borç ikinci dönemde negatif tepki vermektedir. Yapılan Granger Nedensellik testine göre ise büyümeden dış borca doğru bir nedensellik olduğu görülmektedir.States need a specific resource to meet their various macroeconomic goals. The inadequate availability of these resources is driving the state into debts. In situations where it is difficult for states to borrow from their internal resources, borrowing is being sought from external sources. Foreign borrowing can have various effects on the economy. The purpose of this study is to examine whether there is a relationship between economic growth and external debt for Turkey. In this paper, annual data were used and data is from 1990 to 2017. The study is analyzed by the VAR model and the Granger Causality test. According to the impulseresponse functions obtained in the VAR model, in examined period the debt reacts negatively in the second period in response to a shock to growth. According to the Granger Causality test, it is seen that the growth is a causal causality to debt.
Budget can be expressed as the estimation of income and expenses for the next period. It is known that the income and expenses mentioned in ancient times were decided by the chieftain of that community. However, as a result of the arbitrary use of this authority, there has been an economic burden on the people. As a matter of fact, the people rebelled against the situation. Thus, the first steps were taken towards realizing the use of the public budget within the framework of certain principles. These developments were called budget rights and led to violent events in some periods. In other words, it is known that the acquisition of the budget right can be achieved as a result of bloody rebellions that took place in some periods. While this is the case in the West, in Turkey, it is possible to talk about the budget right offered to the public by the rulers rather than violent rebellions. The development of the budget right in Turkey dates back to the Ottoman Empire. However, in this period, it does not seem possible to talk about the right to budget in the modern sense. As a matter of fact, it is known that the right to the budget cannot be used effectively, and the audit of the budgetary applications cannot be made. In Turkey, it is seen that the right to budget in the modern sense was gained with the Republican period. In this study, it is aimed to focus on the development of the budget right in Turkey and how the 2017 Constitutional amendment affected the budget right. It is observed that some of the arrangements on the budget brought by the Presidential Government System may negatively affect the budget right. Keywords: Budget, Auditing, Budget Right, Presidential Government System.
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