The spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria is a growing problem and a public health issue. Over the years, various genetic mechanisms concerned with antibiotic resistance have been identified to be natural and acquired resistance. The natural resistance involved mutation via target modification, reduced permeability, efflux system and on the other hand, acquired resistance via horizontal gene tranfer include Moblie Genetic Elements [MGEs] such as plasmid, transposon and integrons genetic elements that can acquire, exchange, and express genes embedded within Gene Cassettes [GC]. Integrons are widely distributed, especially in Gram-negative bacteria; they are carried by Mobile Genetic Elements such as plasmids, and transposons, which promote their spread within bacterial communities and have been studied mainly in the clinical setting for their involvement in antibiotic resistance, their role in the environment is now an increasing focus of attention. The aim of this review is to educate the populise about the mechanisms of multiple drug resistance bacteria isolates and the danger ahead if appropriate regulations are not put in place especially in developing country like Nigeria.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen with the potential to cause serious surgical wound infections and remains a major problem especially in developing countries of the world. This has led to investigating antimicrobial actions of fractionated Moringa oleifera leaf extract on multidrug Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Isolation of P. aeruginosa strains from post-surgical wound in two locations used for the study, antibiotics susceptibility testing, qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening were carried out using standard procedures followed by antibacterial testing of the different M. oleifera leaf extracts on selected multidrug resistant isolates. The results showed that 99 (35%) of patients studied had wound infection out of the total 284 samples collected. Thirty-four (54.8%) P. aeruginosa strains were found to show multidrug resistant ability from both locations studied. Qualitative analysis of phytoconstituents revealed the presence of flavonoid, phenol, saponins, steriods, tannin and terpenoids. Quantitative analysis showed that the different phytochemical recorded varying amount. Antibacterial assay results revealed that M. oleifera leaf n-hexane extract exhibited highest antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa strain NAPCC-1 followed by methanol and aqueous methanol all at a concentration of 100 mg/ml while aqueous methanol best inhibited P. aeruginosa strain KAR12 growth followed by methanol then n-hexane extract. The varying effect could be attributed to the presence of phytochemicals in the different M. oleifera leaf extracts. The result of this study has shown the potentials of M. oleifera extracts as antibacterial agent by inhibiting the growth of the test organisms isolated from post-surgical wound infection.

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause serious surgical site infections and remains a major dilemma, especially in developing country like Nigeria. This issue has led to investigation of the antibacterial activity of Moringa oleifera leaf extract against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were isolated from postoperative wounds at the two sites used in the study (Central Hospital, Benin and University of Benin Teaching Hospital) and antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed to identify MDR isolates. A qualitative phytochemical screening of leaves was performed using standard methods, followed by antibacterial testing of various M. oleifera leaf extracts against selected multidrug-resistant isolates. Results showed that 99 (35%) of the patients examined had wound infections, out of a total of 284 specimens collected. Thirty-four (54.8%) P. aeruginosa strains showed multidrug-resistance capacity from both learning sites. Qualitative analysis of phytochemicals revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenoids. In vitro results of antibacterial tests showed that ethyl acetate extract from leaves of Moringa oleifera had the highest antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain Iraq.PA-9, followed by dichloromethane at a concentration of 100 mg/ml. The different effects may be attributed to secondary plant substances contained in different leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera. The results of this study demonstrated the potential of Moringa oleifera leaf extract as an antibacterial agent by inhibiting the growth of test organisms isolated from postoperative wound infections.