Background/Objectives To investigate optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) findings of foveal avascular zone (FAZ) metrics and macular & peripapillary vessel densities (VD) in subjects with multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods The study design was prospective and cross-sectional. FAZ metrics and VDs of the superficial capillary plexus (SCP), deep capillary plexus (DCP), retinal peripapillary capillary plexus (RPCP) along with the structural OCT measurements were scanned by using the Nidek's RS-3000 Advance in MS patients and healthy controls. All subject also underwent an assessment of visual evoked potentials (VEPs). The relationships between the OCT-A parameters with other clinical findings were analysed. Results Forty-seven MS patients (94 eyes) and 61 healthy volunteers (122 eyes) were included in this study. Thirty-five eyes of the MS patients had an ON history. The structural OCT measurements were significantly differed between the groups (P < 0.001). All FAZ metrics were inversely correlated with central foveal thickness (CFT) (P < 0.001). The FAZ area and perimeter were inversely correlated with the VD of both SCP and DCP (P < 0.05). The VDs of SCP and DCP were significantly differed between the study groups (P < 0.001). The VEP latency was inversely correlated with the retinal nerve fibre layer, macular and ganglion cell layer thicknesses, the VD of SCP, and the VD of the DCP (P < 0.001). Conclusions Based on OCT angiography, VDs of macular and peripapillary area may be useful in detecting damage from ON in patients with MS.

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Background: We aimed to compare the morphological characteristics of corneal endothelial cells in type 2 diabetic patients and age-matched healthy subjects by specular microscopy. We also aimed to determine the association of corneal morphological features with the general characteristics and laboratory data of diabetic patients, including disease duration, haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels and urine albumin creatinine ratio. Methods: A total of 195 diabetic patients and 100 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. All participants underwent a complete ophthalmological examination. Corneal endothelial measurements were performed using a noncontact specular microscopy. Laboratory data including serum fasting glucose, haemoglobin A1c levels, creatinine levels, and the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio were recorded. Diabetic patients were further subdivided into 3 groups according to the presence and stage of diabetic retinopathy. Specular microscopy findings and central corneal thickness of all patients were compared. Results: The ECD and hexagonal cell ratio were significantly lower, while the average cell size, CV%, and central corneal thickness were determined to be significantly higher in diabetic patients than in healthy controls (p = 0.001). With the presence and advancement of diabetic retinopathy, the ECD and hexagonal cell ratio decreased, while the average cell size, CV%, and central corneal thickness increased. When correlation analysis was performed between corneal morphological features and laboratory data of diabetic patients, ECD showed a significant negative correlation with diabetes duration (p = 0.028). HbA1c levels, urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (p = 0.041), average cell size and CV showed a positive correlation with these parameters. Conclusion: In conclusion, keratopathy is an important complication of type 2 diabetes. With an increase in the stage of diabetic retinopathy, alterations in corneal findings also increased. In that respect, we can suggest that keratopathy should be evaluated more cautiously in diabetic patients.

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Objectives: To perform the measurements of the optic disc and macula in healthy children using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in order to determine the normative data values and compare these by age, gender, spherical equivalent (SE), and axial length (AL). Materials and Methods: A total of 146 eyes belonging to 146 healthy children (74 girls, 72 boys) aged 6 to 16 years were included in this prospective study. Refraction and biometry measurements were performed. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT), central macular volume, and central macular thickness (CMT) were measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT) after dilatation. Using the OCTA device, foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area, vascular density (VD) of the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP) of the macula, and the VD of the radial peripapillary capillary plexus (RPCP) of the optic disc were recorded. Results: The mean age of the study group was 11.27±3 years, the mean AL was 23.39±1.18 mm and the mean SE was -1.31±1.61 diopters. The mean FAZ area was 0.3±0.09 mm 2 , the mean SCP-VD was 43.88±3.4%, the mean DCP-VD was 39.6±3.55%, and the mean RPCP-VD was 52.47±3.42%. When the relationship between the OCTA measurements and the SE and AL values were analyzed, there was no statistical significance (p>0.05). When age and OCTA measurements were compared, only DCP-VD values were found to significantly decrease with increasing age (p=0.015). There was no significant difference in OCTA measurements based on gender (p>0.05). Similarly, no statistical age-based differences were observed in RNFLT, CMV and CMT values (p>0.05). Conclusion: With its short procedure time and no dye requirement, OCTA can be safely used in the evaluation of the optic disc and macular perfusion in children. Determination of normative values in children will be useful in detecting pathologic changes in tissue in patients with retinal diseases.