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This paper investigates a series of unit root, cointegration and causality tests to ascertain the direction of causality between the growth of GNP and defence expenditure in Turkey for the years 1955-2000. The main conclusion is that there is a long-run equilibrium relationship between GNP and defence expenditures. Furthermore, the short run causality test indicates that there is a unidirectional causality between variables, from defence expenditure to economic growth. In order to see the effect of a shock, we employed impulse response analyses. The results show that GNP decreased during the period then output finally recovered from the initial shock to defence expenditures.Defence, Cointegration, Turkey, JEL codes: C22; C32, H56,

This paper extends the Looney and Frederiksen (1986) study and investigates the relationship among external debt, defence expenditures and GNP in Turkey for 1960-2002. After applying cointegration analysis of a multivariate system of equations, impulse response functions and variance decomposition are estimated. The impulse response functions indicate that defence expenditures have a positive effect on external debt stock. Moreover, impulse response of GNP to defence expenditures tended to hike slightly within two years ahead, and dipped sharply by two years, and thereafter continued at a positive level.External debt, Defence expenditures, GNP, Turkey,

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'de ekonomik büyüme ile elektrik tüketimi ilişkisi 1974-2004 dönemi için incelenmiştir. Ekonomik büyüme ve elektrik tüketimi serileri farklı derecelerden durağan (I(0) ve I(1)) oldukları için aralarındaki ilişki Sınır Testi yaklaşımı ile araştırılmıştır. Bu yaklaşıma göre, seriler arasında eşbütünleşme ilişkisi tespit edilmiş ve kısa dönemde değişkenler arasında pozitif bir ilişki ortaya çıkarken uzun dönemde bu ilişki negatif çıkmıştır.

The causal relationship between defence expenditures and external debt is investigated by applying a multivariate model. Our estimation results indicate that defence expenditures and external debt for Turkey are cointegrated. To test for Granger causality in the presence of cointegration between variables, we employ a vector error correction model. Empirical results for Turkey over the period 1955-2000 suggest a long run and short run unidirectional causality running from defence expenditures to external debt but not vice versa.Debt, Defence, Turkey, Causality, JEL Codes: H63, H61, H40,

The study analyzes the performance of bank-specific characteristics, macroeconomic indicators, and global factors to predict the bank lending in Turkey for the period 2002Q4–2019Q2. The objective of this study is first, to clarify the possible nonlinear and nonparametric relationships between outstanding bank loans and bank-specific, macroeconomic, and global factors. Second, it aims to propose various machine learning algorithms that determine drivers of bank lending and benefits from the advantages of these techniques. The empirical findings indicate favorable evidence that the drivers of bank lending exhibit some nonlinearities. Additionally, partial dependence plots depict that numerous bank-specific characteristics and macroeconomic indicators tend to be important variables that influence bank lending behavior. The study’s findings have some policy implications for bank managers, regulatory authorities, and policymakers.

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