ÖzBu çalışmada ekonomisi önemli ölçüde turizm gelirlerine bağlı olan ülkelerde 1995-2017 dönemi için beşeri sermaye ve turizm gelirleri ilişkisinin analiz edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda Gengenbach, Urbain ve Westerlund (2016), eşbütünleşme testi ve DOLSMG tahmincisi ile panel veri analizi yapılmıştır. Çalışma; GSYİH içinde turizm gelirlerinin payı yüksek olan ülkeler özelinde ikinci nesil yeni ekonometrik modellerle testler yapıldığı ve ülke bazlı katsayı tahmin sonuçları elde edildiği için literatüre katkı sağlamaktadır. Çalışmanın bulgularına göre, beşeri sermaye ile turizm gelirleri arasında uzun dönemli bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca katsayı tahminine göre, beşeri sermaye ve turizm gelirleri arasındaki ilişkinin pozitif ve istatistiki olarak anlamlı olduğu kanıtlanmıştır. Bu ülke grubunda beşeri sermaye artışı turizm gelirlerini olumlu etkilemektedir. AbstractThe aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between human capital and tourism receipts for the period of 1995-2017 in countries whose economy depends heavily on tourism receipts. For this purpose, panel data analysis was performed with Gengenbach, Urbain and Westerlund (2016) cointegration test and DOLSMG estimator. The study contributes to the literature, especially since the tests are made with the second-generation new econometric models and the country-based coefficient estimation results are obtained especially for the countries whose a high share of tourism receipts in GDP. According to the findings, a long-term relationship has been determined between human capital and tourism receipts. In addition, according to the coefficient estimate, the relationship between human capital and tourism receipts proved to be positive and statistically significant. Human capital development positively affects tourism receipts in this country group.
This study investigates the dynamic relationship between institutional quality, income inequality and employment level in 19 Central and Eastern European countries during the period 2004–2015. Three indicators of institutional quality and three indicators of income inequality were used to examine this relationship. The institutional quality indicators used include corporate governance, economic governance and political governance indices while the income inequality indicators include the Gini coefficient, the Atkinson index and the Palma ratio. In the study, in which the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimation technique was employed, it was found that an increase in institutional quality unconditionally results in an increase in employment level. The income inequality threshold levels that should not be exceeded in order to maintain the positive effect of institutional quality on employment level were calculated. Furthermore, it has been determined that inequality thresholds depend on the institutional quality and income inequality indicator used. Specifically, in the study, it was determined that for institutional quality to have a sustained positive impact on employment, i) the Palma ratio in the corporate governance specification should not exceed 0.875; ii) the Atkinson index in the economic governance specification should not exceed 0.311; and iii) the Atkinson index and Palma ratio shSould not exceed 0.258 and 1.333, respectively, in the political governance specification. Jel Classifications: E24, C23
Bazı gelişmekte olan ülkelerin 2000'li yıllarda sergilediği büyüme performansı, yükselen piyasa ekonomisi, BRIC, MIST gibi yeni kavramlaştırmaları literatürde popüler hale getirirken, bu ülkelerin kişi başına düşen milli gelirlerinin gelişmiş ekonomiler düzeyine yakınsamasını sağlamıştır. Ancak bu yakınsamanın, yakalama düzeyine taşınması, orta gelir düzeyine yükselmiş ülkeler için aşılması gereken yeni engellere takılmıştır. Tarihsel süreç içerisinde, çok az sayıda orta gelirli ülke yüksek gelirli ekonomi grubuna girmeyi başarmıştır. Orta gelirli ülkelerin neden yüksek gelirli ülke olmak için yeterli iktisadi büyümeyi sürdüremedikleri sorusu, iktisat literatüründe nispeten yeni bir kavram olan Orta Gelir Tuzağı (OGT) ile önemli bir tartışma/araştırma konusunu beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu çalışma, teorik ve analitik literatürden yararlanarak düşük gelir grubundan orta gelir grubuna geçen, ancak orta gelir düzeyinde uzun süre takılarak yüksek gelir grubuna geçmekte zorlanan orta gelirli ülkeler için OGT'nin belirleyicilerini açıklamakta; OGT'den korunma/çıkış bağlamında politika önerilerini ortaya koymaktadır.
The purpose of this study is to test the causality between employment and inflation for Turkey. Firstly, the stationarities of the series were examined by the second-generation unit root test (Carrion-i-Silvestre et al., 2009) with multiple structural breaks. Later, the existence of cointegration relationship between series was tested with Maki (2012) multiple structural break cointegration test. Finally, depending on the cointegration results, the causality relationship between the series was studied by Rolling Window causality tests which is developed by Hatemi-J (2012) and Balcilar et al. (2010).According to the asymmetrical relationship between the variables, causality has been determined among the positive shocks of employment, negative shocks in inflation; from negative shocks of employment to negative shocks of inflation and from positive shocks of inflation, towards positive shocks of employment. In addition, on a period basis, from inflation to employment
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