Over the last two decades, disaster events have affected tourist destinations in many countries around the world. Although disasters have attracted considerable attention in academia, little attention has been paid to the impacts of recurring disasters on the multiyear performance of the tourism industry in a specific country. This paper discusses the relationship between the performance of the tourism industry and disaster events and examines the spillover effects of disasters on the tourism sector in Indonesia. It also highlights the Indonesian policy responses in tourism following multiple disasters. The paper analyses the multiyear (1998-2016) performance of the tourism industry using the variables number of inbound tourists, national/regional income from tourism, and hotel room occupancy rates. Secondary data were collected from several sources, including legal documents, Indonesia's tourism statistics, media outlets and newspapers articles. The results show that during the past 18 years, disasters have affected the performance of the tourism industry differently in terms of the scale of destruction, the location of disasters and the type of disasters (human vs. nature induced). The spillover effect between provinces has also been captured from the data. Overall, this paper argues that in dealing with multiple disasters over long periods of time, the continuation of regular tourism activities needs a structural approach in terms of policy responses.
This paper assesses the responses of community-based tourism (CBT) and local governments to natural disasters. The tourism community in rural areas that are at high risk of natural disasters is largely overlooked in the literature on tourism and disaster management. It can be argued that CBT management is vulnerable to such natural disasters and, therefore, its presence should be considered in the recovery process. Time series observations and in-depth interviews were performed in Pentingsari village on the slopes of Mount Merapi, a stratovolcano in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The findings show that the local government's preparation plans were focused only on disaster management, in general, and that it had only reactive programmes for tourism recovery. Moreover, CBT was able to respond and recover from the disaster by transforming the tourism destination with support from external agencies. In other words, it is concluded that transformation of the destination, organization, and human and community factors have taken place in the community-based tourism that leads to the post-disaster resilience.
Tourists are particularly vulnerable when natural disasters occur in regions that they are visiting. It is assumed that they lack awareness and understanding of the actions that they need to take in such circumstances. This study examines the responses of tourists in times of disaster, building on empirical data collected through large-scale surveys conducted in Bali and Yogyakarta, Indonesia, in 2015. Both are important tourist destinations in the country that have suffered major disasters in recent years. The different types of responses to these events are framed using a grid/group analysis stemming from cultural theory. The study resulted in three key findings: (i) current disaster management planning largely follows a single rationale; (ii) tourists are not a homogeneous group, but rather a complex, diverse, and dynamic body of stakeholders; and (iii) the focus of disaster management planning should shift from a single rationale to a polyrational methodology. Disaster managers need to consider, therefore, these different aspects in the context of preparedness.
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