Os autores analisaram diferentes fatores que podem influenciar na decisão das mães de amamentar, na duração da amamentação e as principais razões do desmame. Foram selecionados artigos publicados entre 1990 e 2004 das bases de dados Lilacs, Medline, Scielo, Bireme, utilizando as palavras-chave: desmame e fatores de risco, bem como suas versões em inglês. Alguns fatores, como maternidade precoce, baixo nível educacional e socioeconômico maternos, paridade, atenção do profissional de saúde nas consultas de pré-natal, necessidade de trabalhar fora do lar, são freqüentemente considerados como determinantes do desmame precoce. Contudo, outros, como o apoio familiar, condições adequadas no local de trabalho e uma experiência prévia positiva, parecem ser parâmetros favoráveis à decisão materna pela amamentação. Apesar da relevância dos fatores mencionados acima, os aspectos culturais e a história de vida da mãe foram os mais importantes na decisão materna pelo aleitamento e pelo momento do desmame. Termos de indexação: aleitamento materno; desmame; fatores de risco. A B S T R A C T The authors analyzed different factors than can influence the mother's decision to breastfeed, the duration of breastfeeding and the main weaning reasons. Articles published from 1990 to 2004 in the databases
Objective: To measure and compare the activity of the masseter, temporalis and buccinator muscles in different infant feeding methods.Method: Cross-sectional study of 60 full-term infants with no intercurrent diseases, aged between two and three months, classified into the following groups: 1) exclusive breastfeeding; 2) breastfeeding plus bottle-feeding; and 3) exclusive breastfeeding plus cup feeding. Surface electromyography was performed during infant feeding. The Krushal-Wallis test was used, complemented by multiple paired comparisons of the groups. A 5% significance level was chosen for the tests.Results: Statistically higher results were verified in the breastfeeding group in relation to the bottle-feeding one, both in the range of movement and the mean contraction of the masseter. With regard to the temporalis muscle, statistically higher results were found in the breastfeeding group comparatively to the bottle-feeding one. As to the buccinator muscle, statistically higher results were observed in the breastfeeding group in relation to the bottle-feeding one, although in this case, the difference concerned only the range of contraction. Conclusion:The similarities between the muscle activity in the breastfeeding and in the cup-feeding groups suggests that cupfeeding can be used as an alternative infant feeding method, being better than bottle-feeding, due to the hyperactivity of the buccinator muscle, which could result in changes to the structural growth and development of the stomatognathic system functions.J Pediatr (Rio J). 2006;82(2):103-9: Electromyography, breastfeeding, facial muscles, sucking, infants. ResumoObjetivo: Mensurar e comparar a atividade dos músculos masseter, temporal e bucinador em diferentes métodos de alimentação de lactentes.Método: Estudo transversal, com participação de 60 lactentes nascidos a termo e sem intercorrências, entre 2 e 3 meses de idade, divididos em três grupos: 1) aleitamento materno exclusivo; 2) aleitamento misto com uso de mamadeira; e 3) aleitamento materno exclusivo com uso de copo. Foi realizada eletromiografia com eletrodos de captação de superfície durante a alimentação. O teste estatístico utilizado é o Kruskal-Wallis, complementado com as comparações múltiplas entre pares de grupos, e todas as discussões são realizadas no nível de 5% de significância.Resultados: Verificam-se maiores resultados no grupo de aleitamento materno em relação ao grupo de aleitamento por mamadeira, tanto na amplitude quanto na média de contração do músculo masseter. No que se refere ao músculo temporal, há resultados maiores na amplitude do grupo de aleitamento materno e na média de contração do grupo de aleitamento por copo, quando comparados ao grupo de aleitamento por mamadeira. Quanto ao músculo bucinador, observamse resultados maiores no grupo de aleitamento por mamadeira com relação ao aleitamento materno, sendo que tal diferença ocorre apenas na amplitude de contração. Conclusão:As semelhanças entre a atividade muscular do grupo de aleitamento materno e aleitame...
Objective: To measure and compare the activity of the masseter, temporalis and buccinator muscles in different infant feeding methods.Method: Cross-sectional study of 60 full-term infants with no intercurrent diseases, aged between two and three months, classified into the following groups: 1) exclusive breastfeeding; 2) breastfeeding plus bottle-feeding; and 3) exclusive breastfeeding plus cup feeding. Surface electromyography was performed during infant feeding. The Krushal-Wallis test was used, complemented by multiple paired comparisons of the groups. A 5% significance level was chosen for the tests.Results: Statistically higher results were verified in the breastfeeding group in relation to the bottle-feeding one, both in the range of movement and the mean contraction of the masseter. With regard to the temporalis muscle, statistically higher results were found in the breastfeeding group comparatively to the bottle-feeding one. As to the buccinator muscle, statistically higher results were observed in the breastfeeding group in relation to the bottle-feeding one, although in this case, the difference concerned only the range of contraction. Conclusion:The similarities between the muscle activity in the breastfeeding and in the cup-feeding groups suggests that cupfeeding can be used as an alternative infant feeding method, being better than bottle-feeding, due to the hyperactivity of the buccinator muscle, which could result in changes to the structural growth and development of the stomatognathic system functions.
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