Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is prevalent among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its occurrence and severity cannot be fully defined by the conventional cardiovascular risk factors namely age, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, diabetes mellitus and obesity. Contemporary studies have examined the role of non-conventional risk factors such as anemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, calcium and phosphate metabolism, vascular stiffness due to endothelial dysfunction ( ED), oxidative injury, and inflammation in the causation of CVD in CKD. Therapeutic interventions used in non-CKD patients are found to be less effective on patients with CKD. The purpose of this review was to gather available evidence on the CVD risk among CKD patients. Numerous mechanisms have been postulated to describe the increased atherogenicity in CKD patients. We discuss these mechanisms especially arterial stiffness, ED and inflammation in detail. In conclusion, CVD in CKD is still an unexplored area which needs further studies to uncover the possible mechanisms. Identifying newer therapies to improve health among this group of patients is of paramount importance.
The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread over 210 countries. In order to mitigate the epidemic and to flatten the curve, apart from multiple containment measures, an accurate identification of those infected is imperative. The objective of this review was to review, systematically, the performance of diagnostic and screening technologies and the yield of different clinical samples for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. Here we have critically evaluated the results obtained from different clinical samples and laboratory investigations and the performance of rRT-PCR (real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction) technique in the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2.
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