The high prevalence of multidrug-resistant E. coli in table chicken egg shell supplied to the market center and shop from which the society can purchased for their food consumption, reflects a reservoir of resistance and easily transmission to humans. the objective of the current study was determining the prevalence and antimicrobial resistant status of E. coli in commercial chicken eggs in Bishoftu town, east, Shewa, Ethiopia. Between June 2021 to September 2021. Egg shells swabs egg internal contents were sampled purposively from the Bishoftu town market center and local shops. The E. coli was isolated by conventional bacteriological culturing on selective media and biochemical tests. The colony characterized as E. coli was subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility tests. From 92 samples, the E. coli was recovered from eleven (11.95%) of the egg samples collected from the marketing centers and shop in Bishoftu town, East Shewa, Ethiopia. out of 40-egg shell swab collected from the market center two (5%) of them are contaminated with e coli while out of 52 egg shell swabs collected from the shop 9 (17.3%) was contaminated by E coli with the significant differences between the marketing center and shops (P-Value = 0.009). the prevalence Escherichia coli in the Shell eggs and egg contents were (11.9 and 5.2%, respectively) with the significant statistical difference (P-Value = 0.0002).All isolates (100%) were multi-drug resistance as eight (72.7%) of isolates were resistant to five different antimicrobials used and three (27.3%) of isolates were resistance the eight different antimicrobials used. The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among the tested antibiotics was significantly different (p < 0.02). Improvement in the hygienic conditions of poultry farms and control of the misuse and overuse of antibiotics in poultry is therefore strongly recommended. 2050, 10 million deaths per year will Globally, unless immediate
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Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the highly contagious diseases of domestic animals. Sensitive, specific, and quick detection of FMD virus antigens and antibodies is an essential corner stone diagnostic tool at each tier of control strategy. Continued development of molecular and genetic technologies combined with novel analytical techniques will benefit many areas of FMD research and understanding. Genome sequencing provides excellent insight into the evolutionary and epidemiological dynamics of such viruses. The advent of next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies enables evolutionary studies of the entire viral swarm. Sequencing technologies have advanced uses of viral genomic data; which helps to understand the global distribution and Trans-boundary movements of Foot-and-mouth virus disease. Also sequencing information can be used to understand antigenic change within virus strains; therefore, the aim of this review is to assess various diagnostic techniques including conventional and advanced techniques both from agent and host response sides. Among the agent side virus isolation, RT-PCR, antigen ELISA and immune-chromatography strips are commonly used diagnostic tests. Whereas from the host side: infrared thermo gram, antibody ELISA and Virus neutralization are some mentions. Owing to current technological advancement: DNA sequencing and microarray, expressing a luciferase reporter and quantitative proteomics were reviewed. Therefore, potential confirmatory diagnostic test should be in combination with each other.
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