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Collective intelligence (CI) is an emerging research field that seeks to merge human and machine intelligence, with an aim to achieve results unattainable by either one of these entities alone. CI systems may significantly vary in nature, from collaborative systems, like open source software development communities, to competitive ones, like problem-solving companies that benefit from the competition among participating user teams to identify solutions to various R&D problems. The advantages that CI systems earn user communities, together with the fact that they share a number of basic common features, provide the potential for designing a general methodology for their efficient modeling, development and evaluation. In this paper we describe a modeling process which identifies the common features, as well as the main challenges that the construction of generic collective intelligence systems poses. First a basic categorization of CI systems is performed, followed by a description of the proposed modeling approach. This approach includes concepts such as the set of possible user actions, the CI system state and the individual and community objectives, as well as a number of necessary functions, which estimate various parameters of the CI system, such as the expected user actions, the future system state and the level of objective fulfillment. Finally, based on the proposed modeling approach, certain current CI systems are described, a number of problems that they face are identified and specific solutions are suggested. The proposed modeling approach is expected to promote more efficient CI system design, so that the benefit gained by the participating community and individuals, will be maximized.

Abstract-Within the field of Integrated SystemHealth management, there is still a lack of technological approaches suitable for the creation of adequate prognostic model for large applications whereby a number of similar or even identical subsystems and components are used. Existing similarity among a number of different systems, which are comprised of similar components but with different topologies, can be employed to assign the prognostics of one system to other systems using an inference engine. In the process of developing prognostics, this approach will thereby save resources and time. This paper presents a radically novel approach for building prognostic models based on system similarity in cases where duality principle in electrical systems is utilized. In this regard, unified damage model is created based on standard Tee/Pi models, prognostics model based on transfer functions, and RUL estimator based on how energy relaxation time of system is changed due to degradation. An advantage is; the prognostic model can be generalized such that a new system could be developed on the basis and principles of the prognostic model of other systems. Simple electronic circuits, DC-to-DC converters, are to be used as an experiment to exemplify the potential success of the proposed technique validated with prognostics models from particle filter.

Recent success stories in automated object or face recognition, partly fuelled by deep learning artificial neural network (ANN) architectures, have led to the advancement of biometric research platforms and, to some extent, the resurrection of Artificial Intelligence (AI). In line with this general trend, inter-disciplinary approaches have been taken to automate the recognition of emotions in adults or children for the benefit of various applications, such as identification of children's emotions prior to a clinical investigation. Within this context, it turns out that automating emotion recognition is far from being straightforward, with several challenges arising for both science (e.g., methodology underpinned by psychology) and technology (e.g., the iMotions biometric research platform). In this paper, we present a methodology and experiment and some interesting findings, which raise the following research questions for the recognition of emotions and attention in humans: (a) the adequacy of well-established techniques such as the International Affective Picture System (IAPS), (b) the adequacy of state-of-the-art biometric research platforms, (c) the extent to which emotional responses may be different in children and adults. Our findings and first attempts to answer some of these research questions are based on a mixed sample of adults and children who took part in the experiment, resulting in a statistical analysis of numerous variables. These are related to both automatically and interactively captured responses of participants to a sample of IAPS pictures.

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