This thesis presents an approach to evaluate and develop a live load model. Although the main purpose of this work is with the impact of truck traffic on bridges, the data presented in this work can be used in many engineering fields that are concerned with truck characteristics of geometry and weight. Data from two different WIM stations were considered. One in Fernão Dias highway in the State of São Paulo which is comprised of a same-direction two adjacent lanes and the sample is comprised of 20 months (September 2015 to August 2017). The second station is in Rio Grande do Sul State. This road is a same-direction three adjacent lanes. The sample is comprised of 78 days (March 2014 to June 2014) In order to evaluate and develop a new live load model, an approach to compute load effects in terms of bending moments and shear forces is proposed. It makes use of single and multiple truck presence to evaluate the live load effects for different bridge spans. Three cases of multiple presence are considered: following, side-by-side and staggered. The proposed approach to evaluate the multiple truck presence effects is compared with the approach used by AASHTO LRFD. The approach for estimating the bias factors shows that considering only full correlated trucks is too conservative, mostly for short spans where there is a lack of occurrences, especially following events. On the other hand, taking into account no correlation at all yields very low bias factors. At last, a more rational live load model was developed based on WIM data. Another purpose of this thesis is to use existing Brazilian bridges to calibrate the live load model as in NBR7188:2013. Reliability analysis is performed with sixty existing Brazilian bridges. The bridges are taken from different states of Brazil. Out of the sixty bridges, 39 are prestressed and 21 reinforced concrete bridges. Those bridges are located in five different states: Pernambuco, Ceará, Bahia, São Paulo, Minas Gerais. Probability of failure was estimated in terms of moment and shear for interior girders and box girders. Only ultimate state limit was considered. It was found that reliability indices are higher in prestressed bridges when compared to reinforced bridges. Also, the reliability indices tend to decrease as the span length increases. This means that for larger spans the probability of failure is higher than the ones for shorter spans.

This work studies the fatigue live load model used in Brazil for highway bridges. Using the unlimited fatigue life approach, the current live load model is evaluated in relation to the actual traffic and a new fatigue live load model is proposed. Weigh-in-motion (WIM) stations data on two important Brazilian highways are used. The main structural analysis performed in this paper consider the bridges as box girders or multiple girders. The ratio between real traffic and the live load model load effect (bias factor) are determined for single and continuous spans in terms of bending moment and shear force. It is found that the bias factor of the current live load can vary a lot and may not ensure unlimited fatigue life. The proposed model, on the other hand, presents more uniform bias factors and is in accordance with the unlimited fatigue life approach for the WIM data.

ResumoModeling the traffic loads on bridges has been the subject of numerous studies. Defining a live load model to be used for bridge design is not an easy task. It demands among many other things a reliable dataset, a well-defined procedure for filtering data and also the determination of statistics for single and multiple presence occurrences. This study examines and characterizes the live load statistics for Brazilian concrete bridges. Single and multiple truck presence are evaluated for different bridge spans and truck daily volume. The sample is comprised of the thirteen months of data from a High Speed Weigh-In-Motion station (HS-WIM) in a resolution of one hundredth of a second currently operating on the Fernão Dias highway, also known as BR-381. The system provides eleven thousand records on a daily basis. After the filtering process three thousand trucks remain. The station takes measures in an same-direction two-lane highway, which allows the evaluation and characterization of both single and multiple presence statistics. Three case of multiple presence are considered: following, side-by-side and staggered cases. The consideration of truck multiple presence on concrete bridges is mandatory to understand and characterize live load models. The results show that with the exception of the side-by-side case, the frequency of multiple truck presence is significantly affected by span length. It also shows that the daily truck volume considerably affects the multiple presence statistics for all load patterns. The results show that the general tendency of the occurrence of all multiple presence events is to increase as the truck volume increases.Keywords: bridges, live load, multiple presenca, statistics.A modelagem do tráfego em pontes tem sido objeto de inúmeros estudos. Definir um modelo de carga móvel a ser usada no projeto de uma ponte não é uma tarefa fácil. Isto demanda entre outras coisas uma base de dados confiável, uma abordagem para filtragem de dados bem definida e também a determinação de estatísticas de ocorrências de caminhões isolados e em presença de outros caminhões (múltiplas presenças). Este estudo examina e caracteriza estatísticas destas ocorrências para pontes de concreto brasileiras. As ocorrências de caminhões isolados e em múltiplas presenças são avaliadas para diferentes comprimentos de vãos e volume diário de caminhões. A amostra utilizada neste trabalho consiste de 13 meses de dados de uma estação de pesagem em movimento na rodovia Fernão Dias (BR-381). O sistema capta onze mil veículos por dia. Depois de um processo de filtragem três mil caminhões restam para analise. O equipamento realiza suas medidas em um via com duas faixass na mesma direção no sentido Belo Horizonte -São Paulo. Três casos de múltiplas presenças são analisados um caminhão seguindo o outro, dois caminhões lada a lado e dois caminhões lado a lado com defasagem. A consideração de caminhões em múltiplas presenças é mandatória no entendimento e caracterização de um modelo de carga móvel. Os resultados most...

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It is well known that highway bridges are subjected to fatigue as they work under live loads with different frequencies and amplitude. The safety level for fatigue required by Brazilian codes is still unknown, especially for prestressed concrete girders. Also, current studies on fatigue reliability of bridges only evaluate bending. This work assesses the fatigue safety level provided by Brazilian design standards for a concrete highway bridge, using weigh-in-motion (WIM) data of an important federal Brazilian highway, BR-381 (Fernão Dias Highway). The Palmgren-Miner rule is considered to evaluate the service life and reliability indexes, from the fatigue point of view, of prestressed girders designed according to Brazilian codes. Using limited and complete prestressing levels, different traffic volumes are considered. It is found that the fatigue safety levels of longitudinal and transverse reinforcements are larger than the ones recommended by the international literature.