bode, et al.. Polymorphism of even saturated carboxylic acids from n-decanoic to n-eicosanoic acid.The polymorphism of normal saturated even carboxylic acids from n decanoic to n eicosanoic acid is discussed. Seven crystal modifications, including polymorphs and polytypes, were identified and fully characterized by the combination of calorimetric measurements (DSC) at atmospheric and high pressures, X ray powder diffraction, FT IR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All seven crystal forms, including polymorphs and polytypes, are observed at room temperature. Forms A 2 and A super are triclinic, form C is monoclinic and forms E and B show both a monoclinic and an orthorhombic polytype. The triclinic modifications A 2 and A super predominate for acids up to n tetradecanoic acid (C 14 H 27 O 2 H). The orthorhombic and the monoclinic forms predominate for acids from n hexadecanoic (C 16 H 31 O 2 H) up to n eicosanoic acid (C 20 H 39 O 2 H). When the temperature is increased, all the crystal modifications transform irreversibly to the C form. In the first part of this paper, cell parameters for the different forms are given, the observed temperatures and enthalpies of the transitions are reported and the stability of the different forms is discussed. In the second part, we state the main contribution of each technique for the identification and interpretation of the polymorphism of even numbered carboxylic acids.

The integration of therapeutic biomolecules, such as proteins and peptides, in nanovesicles is a widely used strategy to improve their stability and efficacy. However, the translation of these promising nanotherapeutics to clinical tests is still challenged by the complexity involved in the preparation of functional nanovesicles and their reproducibility, scalability, and cost production. Here we introduce a simple one-step methodology based on the use of CO2-expanded solvents to prepare multifunctional nanovesicle-bioactive conjugates. We demonstrate high vesicle-to-vesicle homogeneity in terms of size and lamellarity, batch-to-batch consistency, and reproducibility upon scaling-up. Importantly, the procedure is readily amenable to the integration/encapsulation of multiple components into the nanovesicles in a single step and yields sufficient quantities for clinical research. The simplicity, reproducibility, and scalability render this one-step fabrication process ideal for the rapid and low-cost translation of nanomedicine candidates from the bench to the clinic.

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Lysosomal storage disorders (LSD) are caused by lysosomal dysfunction usually as a consequence of deficiency of a single enzyme required for the metabolism of macromolecules, such as lipids, glycoproteins, and mucopolysaccharides. For instance, the lack of α-galactosidase A (GLA) activity in Fabry disease patients causes the accumulation of glycosphingolipids in the vasculature leading to multiple organ pathology. Enzyme replacement therapy, which is the most common treatment of LSD, exhibits several drawbacks mainly related to the instability and low efficacy of the exogenously administered therapeutic enzyme. In this work, the unprecedented increased enzymatic activity and intracellular penetration achieved by the association of a human recombinant GLA to nanoliposomes functionalized with Arginine-Glycine-Aspartic acid (RGD) peptides is reported. Moreover, these new GLA loaded nanoliposomes lead to a higher efficacy in the reduction of the GLA substrate named globotriasylceramide in a cellular model of Fabry disease, than that achieved by the same concentration of the free enzyme. The preparation of these new liposomal formulations by DELOS-SUSP, based on the depressurization of a CO2 -expanded liquid organic solution, shows the great potential of this CO2 -based methodology for the one-step production of protein-nanoliposome conjugates as bioactive nanomaterials with therapeutic interest.

The cerebellar cortex volume is smaller in active CS patients than in controls. This finding is associated with poor visual memory and quality of life and is mostly pronounced in patients with higher triglyceride levels and older age at diagnosis.

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C16H32O2, the molecules are arranged into dimers through O-H...O hydrogen bonds. These dimers are packed in bilayers with terminal methyl groups at both external faces, and these layers are parallel to the crystallographic (100) plane. All C-C bonds of the alkyl chain show an antiperiplanar (trans) conformation, with slight deviations from the ideal value in the C-C bonds close to the intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The similarity between the carboxyl C-O bond distances is consistent with the existence of cis-trans tautomerism.

The experimental temperature−composition phase diagram of the binary system between hexadecane (C16H34) and 1-hexadecanol (C16H33OH) has been established by combining thermal analysis and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). Beforehand, crystal structures of the solid ordered phases of the components involved were determined from XRD data. Hexadecane displays a triclinic form Tp belonging to the space group P1̄, with Z = 1. The unit cell dimensions are a = 4.269 Å, b = 4.811 Å, c = 22.34 Å, α = 84.54°, β = 67.43°, and γ = 73.00°. 1-Hexadecanol displays a monoclinic form γ belonging to the space group A2/a with Z = 8. The unit cell dimensions are a = 8.980 Å, b = 4.939 Å, c = 87.91 Å, and β = 122.63°. The phase diagram between both components is characterized by two invariants, a eutectic (located at T = 289.5 K) and a metatectic (located at T = 318.8 K). The miscibility in the solid state is very restricted, limited to the regions rich in C16H34 and C16H33OH. Resulting alloys have led to the design of a double-wall glass for the thermal protection of liquid products between 13 and 18 °C, effective for 4.5 h in an external environmental temperature of 24 °C.

This article examines perceived barriers and the influence they play in the professional and personal lives of women educational managers in Spain.A survey of 206 female school heads from pre-primary and primary schools shows that the women administrators face several perceived barriers: a lack of support from the governing educational authority; insufficient preparation and in-service training and an absence of equity-based support policies from the government and reconciliation policies to make the dual roles of mother-professional compatible. The study further found that role conflict and certain features of the organizational work culture, particularly the management culture, which was generally perceived as strongly masculine, and the scant appreciation of administrative work compared with teaching, were the factors that contributed to delaying or avoiding accession to the post of headship in schools.