In order to predict cardiovascular disease, it is imperative to study heart function carefully. This study examines the hemodynamics of the left ventricular and aortic vessels by selecting the proper boundary conditions. A further aspect of this study is the simulation of flow in the presence of an occlusion of the aortic vessels. In this study, fluid flow is analyzed using ANSYS CFX software, and cardiac geometry networking is performed using ICEM CFD software. Blood is assumed to be homogeneous, non-Newtonian, and pulsed. A significant reduction in pressure drop and heart rate is associated with stenosis of the coronary arteries. Consequently, it can pose severe risks to the patient. Having 50% stenosis of the arteries can reduce the pressure in the aorta by 33% and double the blood flow in the LSA. In addition, the maximum pressure is 136 mmHg for the patient in the normal state, 120 mmHg, and 104 mmHg for the patient with 30% and 50% stenosis, respectively.
In this study, we cloned and sequenced the complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of Oncorhynchus mykiss triploid to characterize and compare their mitochondrial genomes. The total length of the mitochondrial genome is 16,656 bp with an accession number KP085590. The organization of the mitochondrial genomes was similar to those reported from other fish mitochondrial genomes containing 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA, and 22 transfer RNAs) and a major non-coding control region. Except for ND6 and 8 tRNAs, all other genes are encoded on the heavy strand. The nucleotide skewness for the coding strands of O. mykiss triploid (AT-skew = -0.41, GC-skew = 0.34) is biased toward T and G. The complete mitogenome may provide important date set for the study of genetic mechanism of O. mykiss.
In this study, 16 sets of primers were used to amplify contiguous, overlapping segments of the complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of the hybridized fish (Oncorhynchus mykiss ♀ × Atlantic salmon ♂) in order to characterize and compare their mitochondrial genomes. The total length of the mitochondrial genome is 16,658 bp and deposited in the GenBank with accession numbers KP218514. The organization of the mitochondrial genomes contained 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA, and 22 transfer RNAs) and a major non-coding control region which was similar to those reported mitochondrial genomes. Most genes were encoded on the H-strand, except for the ND6 and eight tRNA genes, encoding on the L-strand. Similarity and divergence analysis also showed that hybrid offspring were genetically closer to mother parent than father parent. These results indicate that, despite hybridization, the mitochondrial genomes of these hybrids remain maternally inherited.
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