The article critically examined the legal and policy frameworks that have been put in place to protect women's rights in Nigeria. The major aim of the research was to x-ray the relevant laws and policies with a view to finding out their effectiveness and possible constraints or shortcomings. It was discovered in the research that while in recent times, there have been robust increase in the number of laws and policies that have been enacted to protect the rights of women in Nigeria, there have been some lapses in some of the laws and governmental policies which correspondingly affected their enforcements and efficacy. The article concluded that while it is commendable that some relevant legal framework and policies have been enacted by the government at various levels to address issues of women's rights, the government and relevant stakeholders are still required to do more to promote and protect the rights of women in Nigeria. The article also recommended, inter alia, that the Nigerian government and relevant stakeholders should exercise strong commitments towards the promotion of women's rights in the country. One of such ways is by amending some of the laws and revising some policies where loopholes have been identified in the article with a view to achieving the noble aims and objectives for enacting them as well as bringing them into conformity with global and regional instruments.
While procreation through copulation has remained the conventional means for pregnancy and beginning the human family, advances in medical technology has now demonstrated that coitus is no more the absolute process for childbearing. Individuals like infertile couples, single persons, lesbians and gay partners have now resorted to assisted reproductive technology (ART) and surrogacy arrangements in order to start a family. Transcending the hope and joy it offers to these groups of individuals who may have been incapable of having children of their own, this new procreative technology has stirred up a number of ethical and legal questions. The focal aim of the article was to investigate the state of the law for ascertaining the legal parentage and nationality of a child born through ART. Determination of these sensitive issues is vital because of the possibility of a child conceived through ART having more than two parents, especially where surrogacy, donor sperm and donor eggs are involved. The article adopted desk-based and comparative research methods by relying on both primary and secondary sources of information. The various sources of information were appraised and deductions derived from them were presented descriptively. The article revealed inter alia, that in some of the countries examined, ART practice is regulated and the courts, in a number of instances, have been engaged to resolve controversies pertaining to the legal parentage and nationality of children born through ART procedure. But in Nigeria, the practice is unregulated by law and there is dearth of decided cases on the subject. The authors therefore, recommended that in view of the increasing number of individuals turning to ART in Nigeria, including cross-border surrogacy, to build families, there is need for definite ART legislation in Nigeria so as to assist in resolving these problems and other related ones. Nigerian lawmakers could examine similar laws from other foreign jurisdictions and use them as potential guide to fashion out a domestic legislation in Nigeria. The Nigerian courts could also learn from decisions from other jurisdictions so as to know how to determine related cases as they occur in Nigeria.
The United Nations General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UN CRPD) and its Optional Protocol in 2006 towards the promotion and protection of the rights of persons with disabilities (PWDs) and to support the respect for their innate dignity. Nigeria and Indonesia have signed and ratified the UN CRPD as well as domesticated it in their respective domains. The purpose of this article was to evaluate how the global and relevant national instruments have been implemented in Nigeria and Indonesia to protect the rights of PWDs against discrimination and transform their fortunes. The article adopted library-based doctrinal and comparative research methods. This is in addition to employing some theoretical analytical models of disability to further explicate the perception or attitude of people towards PWDs in these countries. The findings of the article revealed that to certain extents, there have been some prospects and achievements recorded by reason of the extant normative frameworks guaranteeing the rights of PWDs in Nigeria and Indonesia; though the fundamental rights of PWDs have not been entirely fulfilled despite the optimistic clauses in the examined laws. The authors therefore, recommended that a lot more are still required to be done by relevant stakeholders in both countries under reference for the full realisation or accommodation of the protected rights of PWDs in Nigeria and Indonesia.
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