Rice bran is a byproduct of rice processing which was generally used for animal feed. Rice bran oil could be used as raw material in the fields of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food oil. The purpose of this research is to extract rice bran into oil as a raw material for Trioxolane using n-Hexane solvent and purify the oil by adsorption using bentonite. Trioxolent compounds were obtained from ozonated fatty acids. Variable extraction time 2, 3 and 4 hours and use of bentonite 2.5, 5 and 7.5 grams from 10 ml of crude rice bran oil. The results obtained an oil yield of each variable extraction time 2, 3, and 4 hours respectively - the value is 8.4, 10, 11%. The optimum operating conditions were obtained by extraction time of 4 hours and refining 75% bentonite. The characteristics of rice bran oil has a moisture content of 8%, an acidic value of 67% mg NaOH/g sample, a peroxide number of 21 mgrek/g sample, an iod number of 46 mgI2 / g sample and the results of fatty acid analysis using GCMS is 33.5 % oleic acid, 24.8% Linoleic acid, 32.6% Palmitic acid.
Karbofuran adalah insektisida yang banyak digunakan oleh petani padi di Kata kunci: Karbofuran; karbon aktif; ozonasi kataliti; ozonasi-non katalitik PendahuluanPencemaran air, ikan, ASI, manusia dan tanah oleh pestisida misalnya senyawa golongan organoklorida sudah memprihatinkan seperti terjadi di daerah sentra produksi sayuran Lembang dan Pengalengan, Bandung, Jawa Barat (Subyanningsih, 1993). Senyawa golongan organoklorida akan selalu ditemukan di lingkungan terutama di perairan walaupun penggunaannya sudah dilarang. Hal ini di sebabkan senyawa organoklorida di lingkungan perairan dapat terbentuk dari hasil reaksi pestisida karbofuran dengan senyawa klor atau turunan klor. Klor atau turunannya di perairan berasal dari limbah industri yang menggunakan klor misalnya sebagai desinfektan atau pelarut yang di buang ke perairan.Karbofuran senyawa racun terhadap ikan dan mamalia yang sampai saat ini masih digunakan oleh petani padi di Indonesia. Akibatnya, pencemaran air irigasi oleh karbofuran tidak dapat dihindari. Di samping itu penggunaan pestisida karbosulfan, benfuracarb, dan furathiocarb sebagai pembunuh hama oleh petani padi turut meningkatkan jumlah karbofuran di perairan karena karbofuran merupakan metabolit pestisida tersebut. (Hideyuki et al., 2005). Keberadaan senyawa organoklorida di lingkungan perairan harus di kurangi salah satunya dengan cara menguraikan karbofuran yang terdapat di perairan. Proses yang berkembang saat ini dan dapat menguraikan karbofuran dalam air adalah proses reaksi karbofuran dengan O 3 +UV dan UV+H 2 O 2 (Benitez., et al, 2001) atau senyawa kompleks Fe(III) +UV (Hideyuki et al., 2005) ke-tiga proses ini sering disebut proses oksidasi lanjut. Kelemahan proses ini yaitu sumber UV mempunyai life-time terbatas dan dalam skala besar lebih mahal. Oleh sebab itu, penguraian karbofuran dengan ozonasi bersamaan dengan karbon aktif sebagai katalis (ozonasi katalitik) perlu dilakukan untuk mendapatkan biaya pengolahan yang lebih murah.Proses ozonasi mampu mengoksidasi senyawa organik kompleks menjadi sederhana dan dapat meningkatkan sifat biodegradable sehingga sifat racun senyawa organik tersebut berkurang (Langlai.,et al, 1999). Proses ozonasi zat organik merupakan reaksi oksidasi senyawa organik oleh ozon secara langsung oleh ozon dan secara tidak langsung terutama oleh radikal bebas hidroksida (OH o ), radikal hidroperoksida (HO 2 o ), ion radikal superoksida (O 2 -) dan ion radikal ozonida (O 3 -) yang terbentuk pada saat dekomposisi ozon (Chu and Ching., 2003). Dekomposisi ozon dapat dipercepat diantaranya dengan meningkatkan pH atau menggunakan karbon aktif sebagai katalis, selain itu penggunaan karbon aktif dapat mengurangi kebutuhan ozon (Logemann et al., 1997; Jans and Hoigne, 1998;Beltran et al., 2001; Monia et al., 2001; Song et al., 2004), sehingga penggunaan ozon bersamaan dengan karbon aktif lebih ekonomis.Dalam penelitian ini ozonasi karbofuran bersamaan dengan karbon aktif (ozonasi katalitik) dan tanpa karbon aktif (ozonasi non-katalitik) pada pH beragam ( ...
The purpose of this research is to produce polyol, through the ozonation process and to find the best catalysts and solvents for the formation of hydroxyl group. The hydroxyl group is indicator of the formation polyol. The process of making polyols is unsaturated fatty acids of the cow through the process of ozonation, using the solvents of sorbitol and glycerol, as well as catalysts of sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide. The reaction temperature is run at 50oC and ozone levels are 4.33, 4.795, 5.021, 5.480 grams. The best results used a glycerol solvent, a sodium sulfate catalyst, and a 5.48 gram ozon content.
Food industry is one of the most crucial and rapidly growing economic sectors in Indonesia. One of the examples is the food jam industry. This industry was located in Tangerang, Indonesia. The majority of the food jam industry uses its own source of water, so this part is also important to water producers in Indonesia. Water used in the food jam industry should meet the requirements of at least drinking water quality, so the factories need to treat the water. Good quality water is water that requires good physical, chemical, and bacteriology properties. Hard water is a term known for water that contains a high concentration of minerals such as Calcium (Ca) and Mag-nesium (Mg). Moreover, water with very high degrees of hardness is harmful to health. In this study, we want to evaluate and determine the pH, total hardness, and total dissolved solids (TDS) at three different times namely morning, midday, and afternoon. The results obtained in the range of pH analysis are 6.98 to 7.99 with all cover times. The total hardness in the boiler water and the TDS are around 252.6 to 388.2 mg/L and 310 to 406 mg/L, respectively. These results indicated that it has fulfilled the requirements for total hardness values under the Minister of Health Regulations (Permenkes) No. 492/Menkes/Per/IV/2010.
Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic ozonation of endosulfan with activated carbon as catalystCatalytic ozonation of endosulfan with the presence of activated carbon as catalyst was investigated at neutral pH and different temperatures. The model kinetics was developed based on the mechanism of catalytic decomposition ozone, namely homogeneous and heterogeneous decomposition reaction. This study focuses on determining the contribution of homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction to endosulfan removal in catalytic ozonation with activated carbon as catalyst. Endosulfan was selected as a target of study because it is organic pollutant and organic chlorine pesticide (OCPs) groups that may cause a serious environmental concern. The use of activated carbonfrom Bogar Forest Centre actually provides a slightly contribution in enhancing endosulfan oxidation reaction with ozone. This is because endosulfan has sulfide group or sulfur element that is very reactive to ozone. Even though, the amount of OH increases because of ozonation with activated carbon use. The heterogeneous and homogeneous reaction contributions at neutral pH and temperature range of 20- 30oC were 11-21% and 79- 89% from overall endosulfan removal in catalytic ozonation with promoted by of activated carbon, respectively.Keywords: Activated Carbon, Catalytic Ozonation, Endosulfan AbstrakOzonasi katalitik endosulfan dengan adanya katalis karbon aktif dilakukan pada pH netral dan suhu yang berbeda-beda. Persamaan kinetika reaksi dikembangkan berdasarkan mekanisme reaksi dekomposisi ozon secara katalitik yaitu reaksi homogen dan heterogen. Penelitian ini ditujukan terutama untuk menentukan kontribusi reaksi homogen dan heterogen terhadap penyisihan endosulfan di dalam ozonasi katalitik dengan karbon aktif sebagai katalis.Endosulfan dipilih sebagai sasaran penelitian karena merupakan polutan organik dan kelompok pestisida organoklorida (OCPs) yang menjadi perhatian serius di lingkungan. Karbon aktif yang digunakan berasal dari Balai Hutan Bogar yang ternyata memberikan pengaruh kecil terhadap peningkatan reaksi oksidasi endosulfan dengan ozon. Hal ini disebabkan endosulfan mempunyai gugus sulfida atau sulfur yang sang at reaktif terhadap ozon. Meskipun, jumlah OH meningkat disebabkan penggunaan ozonasi dengan karbon aktf. Kontribusi reaksi homogen dan heterogen terhadap penyisihan endosulfan pada kondisi pH netral dan suhu 20-30 oC masing-masing sebesar 79- 89% dan 11- 21% dari total penyisihan endosulfan dalam ozonasi katalitik dengan dipromosikan oleh karbon aktifKata kunci: Endosulfan, Karbon Aktif, Ozonasi Katalitik
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