Egypt faces a severe water scarcity in the last years. Increasing population cause rising in water demands and fast economic growth leads to ecosystem degradation. In addition, ineffective irrigation methods with water misuse result in water quality degradation. River Nile is the main fresh water source in Egypt. This study evaluates, one of River Nile branches; Rosetta water quality through Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques. Fifteen water samples were analyzed for their chemical and biological properties. A mathematical model of Water Quality Index (WQI) has been built to integrate biochemical data as input parameters. This model describes the spatial distribution. On the other hand, the temporal of water quality status has been defined. A spatial variation of water quality index was generalized for the study area. The average water quality index values range between 58.8 and 67.2. Generally, the water quality index values within the study area were about the critical pollution level. The concentrations of most elements in the studied water samples were above the permissible levels for drinking water standards. This study concludes that Rosetta water is not suitable for drinking. Furthermore, it can be used for irrigation and domestic uses with specified treatments.
Hexagonal perovskite YFeO 3 was synthesized by a complex-assisted sol-gel technique allowing crystallization at calcination temperatures below 700 • C. As determined by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and Tauc plots, the hexagonal YFeO 3 exhibits a lower optical band gap (1.81 eV) than the orthorhombic structure (about 2.1 eV or even higher) being typically obtained at elevated temperatures (>700 • C), and thus enables higher visible light photocatalysis activity. Structure and morphology of the synthesized YFeO 3 perovskites were analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and nitrogen adsorption, proving that significantly smaller crystallite sizes and higher surface areas are obtained for YFeO 3 with a hexagonal phase. The photocatalytic activity of the different YFeO 3 phases was deduced via the degradation of the model pollutants methyl orange and 4-chlorophenol. Experiments under illumination with light of different wavelengths, in the presence of different trapping elements, as well as photoelectrochemical tests allow conclusions regarding band positions of YFeO 3 and the photocatalytic degradation mechanism. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicates that a very thin layer of Y 2 O 3 might support the photocatalysis by improving the separation of photogenerated charge carriers.
To study whether the effluents of Sabal drain could affect the health status of Oreochromis niloticus; site2 (south part of main canal), site3 (at the canal outlet), site4 (north part of main canal) and site1 (reference site) were selected. Compared to the reference fish, activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in addition to glutathione reduced and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances concentrations of the gills showed significant (p < 0.05) increase with different levels in all studied sites. Whereas, catalase activities revealed significant (p < 0.05) decrease in all studied sites with maximum decrease in site3. The recorded histopathological lesions were correlated with the distance from discharge point. Gills, liver and kidney of site3 had the worst histopathological conditions based on the frequency of alterations appearance and size of the affected areas. While, the regressive alterations that recorded in site2 and site4 suggest the onset of adaptive histological mechanisms.
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