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Botanicals and herbal preparations are medicinal preparations, containing a single or two or more medicinal plants. The focus of this review paper is on the analytical methodologies, which included the combination of sample preparation tools and chromatographic techniques for the chemical standardization of marker compounds or active ingredients in botanicals and herbal preparations. The common problems and key challenges in the chemical standardization of botanicals and herbal preparations were discussed. As sample preparation is the most important step in the development of analytical methods for the analysis of constituents present in botanicals and herbal preparations, the strength and weakness of different extraction techniques are discussed. For the analysis of compounds present in the plant extracts, the applications of common chromatographic techniques, such as HPLC, CE, HRGC/MS, HPLC/MS and HPLC/MS/MS are discussed. The strength, weakness and applicability of various separation tools are stated. Procedures for the identification of marker or active compounds in plant extracts, using HPLC/MS, were proposed. Finally, the effects of batch-to-batch variation of the medicinal plants are investigated and discussed.

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Scutellaria barbata (SB) is a medicinal plant that contains flavonone compounds such as scutellarein, scutellarin, carthamidin, isocarthamidin, and wogonin. A functional proteomic approach was used to study the inhibitory effects of a chemically standardized extract from SB in human colon adrencarcinoma, LoVo. In this work, a stable isotope was not used in the proposed method developed. The whole cell lysates from the control and treated cells were digested with trypsin, and the peptides were separated by two-dimensional (cation-exchange and reversed-phase) liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. The differentially expressed proteins identified using the current approach supported the data obtained from cell-cycle analysis with flow cytometry. With flow-cytometry analysis, a significant increase in the sub G1 phase was observed with a higher dose of extract from SB. Our results suggest that the chemically standardized extract from SB can induce cell death in the human colon cancer cell line. Our current work showed that the proposed platform provided a rapid approach to study the molecular mechanism because of the inhibitory effects of different doses of the botanical extracts on LoVo cell lines. This included a network of proteins involved in metabolism, regulation of the cell cycle, and transcription-factor activity.

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