Bitlis has hosted many civilizations and is located in Turkey’s significant strategic transit corridor. Many historical structures belong to different cultures in the city. The structural analysis of five minarets mentioned in folk songs and the brand value of Bitlis city in terms of historical buildings is the subject of this study. These minarets are precious because they witness important events in Bitlis city. Non-destructive test methods determined the material properties of the Bitlis stone used in constructing minarets. Within the scope of the study, detailed information about each minaret was given, and on-site measurements determined its dimensions and current structural conditions. For each minaret, its seismic behavior has been selected by using the vertical and horizontal design spectrum in the recent earthquake code of Turkey. Historical masonry minarets were modeled using the finite element method. In addition to stress distribution in the minarets under different loading conditions, period and displacement results are also investigated.
Masonry structures began to be built with the existence of human beings and are an inspiration for today’s structures. Monumental historical buildings built according to people’s religious beliefs have special importance among such structures. Despite being exposed to many natural disasters over time, such structures that have survived till today are an indispensable part of the historical heritage. Within the scope of this study, structural analyses were carried out for the historical Ulu Mosque’s minaret in Bitlis (Turkey), located in the Van Lake basin, using both on-site measurements and finite element methods. Detailed historical and architectural features were given for the minaret and the mosque. In addition to four different earthquake ground motion levels of 2%, 10%, 50% and 68%, structural analyses were deployed separately for seven different geographical locations in the same seismic risk area. Moreover, time history analyses were conducted using the acceleration records of the Van earthquake that occurred in the region. The minaret performance levels were determined by using the displacement values obtained. The study examined the different probabilities of exceedance and the changes in the regions with the same seismic risk. As a result of each structural analysis, base shear forces, displacement, period and maximum stress values were obtained for the minaret. The displacement, base shear force, and stress values increased as the exceedance probability decreased. While the same seismic and structural analysis results were obtained for the selected settlements in the same earthquake zone in this study, remarkable differences were observed for these settlements using the geographical-location-specific design spectrum.
The loss of life due to large-scale structural damage has again demonstrated the importance of taking precautions before an earthquake. In this context, determining the risk priorities for the existing building stock and making the final decisions about the buildings is one of the basic measures to be taken before an earthquake. Within the scope of this study, the regional risk priorities have been determined for twenty different masonry buildings in Bitlis (Türkiye), located in the Lake Van Basin, which has a high earthquake risk. The Turkish Rapid Assessment Method was used for masonry structures in this study which was updated in 2019 using the necessary data obtained for each structure on site. In addition, information about the architectural characteristics and current structural conditions of traditional Bitlis houses is given in this study. Current seismic parameters are also obtained for the location of each building. All data in the article were obtained from field research, and this is one of the first studies in which the rapid assessment method was used. In this method, buildings with low scores have a higher risk priority, and building performance scores were obtained between 25 and 85. With this and similar studies, regional risk priorities can be determined, and the number of buildings subjected to detailed assessment can be reduced.
Historical buildings built by different civilizations that have survived to the present day have an important place within the scope of the protection of cultural heritage. Bitlis province, where many different civilizations lived and located in a strategic position on the Silk Road, contains many different types of historical structures. Within the scope of this study, the Ziyaeddin Han Tomb, which was built in masonry during the Ottoman period, has been taken into account. Besides the architectural features of the tomb, detailed information is given about the current structural situation. As a consequence of on-site measurements, a numerical model of the historical tomb was formed using the finite element method (FEM) and structural analyzes were enforced. Structural analyzes were performed for the tomb, in which the macro modeling technique was applied, considering four different earthquake ground motion levels, 2%, 10%, 50%, and 68%, with a probability of exceedance in 50 years. Besides, the time history analysis was applied to take advantage of the acceleration record of an earthquake that occurred in the near region and the recent history of this tomb located in the city center of Bitlis. The structural performance of the tomb was tried to be determined by using the displacement and drift ratio obtained.
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