Environmental issue has been considered more significant in many aspects of engineering decision-making process particularly in river management. There is an increasing effort to conserve functioning of rivers for human use as well as nature, therefore environmental flow assessment has been widely developed. This paper discusses on environmental flow assessment of the Sekampung River, particularly on its middle reach. A new analytical approach based on water-sediment equations was introduced in order to determine a minimum environmental flow at the certain cross section of a river. The result of the new method was then compared with a minimum environmental flow provided by using two hydrological based methods, namely, Tennant and Flow Duration Curve Analysis (FDCA) method. The result shows that the concerned discharge provided by the water-sediment method (3.5 m 3 /s) is the smallest compare with a minimum environmental flow that is provided by both Tennant (5.7 m 3 /s) and FDCA method (4.5 m 3 /s). It is promising that the water-sediment method can be used as a simple approach on preliminary state of environmental flow assessment. The method involves not only water discharge but also its related sediment flow of the river in order to mitigate further ecological and morphological risks.

Nowadays, constructing a new hydropower plant is one of the most attractive solutions to overcome energy requirements. The Kayan Hydroelectric, built in the Kayan River, is projected to generate electricity of nine hundred megawatts. However, the dams have to be managed appropriately since alteration of river discharge will have a significant impact on the environment. This paper proposes an environmental flow assessment as an appropriate indicator to manage sustainability. Three environmental flow assessment methods were used: Flow Duration Curve Analysis (FDCA), Tennant method, and Building Block method. The environmental flow pattern was used as a benchmark to evaluate whether the operation rule of the dams fulfilled the sustainable requirement, particularly on the hydrological pattern of the river. Regarding the Tennant and FDCA method, the minimum discharge that has to be maintained for the minimum environmental flow of the river is about twenty-five cms (corresponds to ten percent of AFF) and thirty-five cms, respectively. Meanwhile, the Building block method informs a range of discharge from a hundred cms to twenty thousand cms during the flood. The environmental flow should be managed to guarantee that the river’s ecosystem and carrying capacity can be preserved.

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Childhood tuberculosis is an overlooked aspect of the current tuberculosis epidemics; even the incidence is increasing and may influence children's growth and development. Several researches have studied social determinants as TB risk factors, but only a few researches have studied spatial analysis of childhood tuberculosis and social determinants. This research aimed to study spatial analysis of childhood TB and social determinants in Bandar Lampung, Indonesia. This research was cross sectional study which involved five community health centers that have childhood TB cases. Population of this research was all childhood tuberculosis cases in the study site. Sample of this research was 73 cases. Variables of this research were samples’ residence geographical coordinates and social determinants (population density and proportion of poor family) of the related sub districts. Data was collected through CHSs’ and sub districts’ secondary data which then analyzed using overlay spatial analysis. The results showed that childhood TB tend to group in middle to high population density and middle proportion of poor families areas. Therefore, regarding in reducing childhood TB incidence, TB control programs should elaborate social determinants actions in areas with low social determinants.

Social determinants inequality causes different risk factors of tuberculosis (TB), including health access. Bandar Lampung is a city in Lampung province with highest prevalence of TB. Moreover, TB patients in the city have low social determinants. This research aimed to identify health access of TB patients in Bandar Lampung. This research was cross-sectional study that involved four community health centers that have conducted Directly Observed Treatment Shortcourse (DOTS) strategy. Population of this research was smear-positive TB patients in 2016 which recorded in the study site. Sample of this research was 255. Variable of this research was distance of samples’ residences to health services which represented by straight-line of samples’ residence geographical coordinate to health services. Data was collected through Geographical Positioning System and then analyzed using buffering analysis and visualizing by Geographical Information System. The results showed that more than 50% of samples have a short distance (< 1 kilometer) to health services. Based on the results, although most TB patients in Bandar Lampung have low social determinants, they have good access to health services. Moreover, health access of TB patients can be used to support TB control program, including decreasing incidence of TB.