A set of experiments were conducted in Brazil in a pilot-scale waste stabilization pond (WSP) system (a four-maturation-pond series) treating an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor effluent. Over a year and a half the pond series was monitored under two flow rate conditions, hence also different hydraulic retention times and surface loading rates. On-site and laboratory trials were carried out to assess: (i) ammonia losses by volatilization using acrylic capture chambers placed at the surface of the ponds; (ii) organic nitrogen sedimentation rates using metal buckets placed at the bottom of the ponds for collecting settled particulate matter; (iii) nitrogen removal by algal uptake based on the nitrogen content of the suspended particulate matter in samples from the ponds' water column. In addition, nitrification and denitrification rates were measured in laboratory-based experiments using pond water and sediment samples. The pond system achieved high nitrogen removal (69% total nitrogen and 92% ammonia removal). The average total nitrogen removal rates varied from 10,098 to 3,849 g N/ha·d in the first and the last ponds, respectively, with the following fractions associated with the various removal pathways: (i) 23.5-45.6% sedimentation of organic nitrogen; (ii) 13.1-27.8% algal uptake; (iii) 1.2-3.1% ammonia volatilization; and (iv) 0.15-0.34% nitrification-denitrification.

The results of a 20-month period study in Brazil were analyzed to compare horizontal-flow constructed wetlands (CW) and waste stabilization pond (WSP) systems in terms of land area requirements and performance to produce effluent qualities for surface water discharge, and for wastewater use in agriculture and/or aquaculture. Nitrogen, E. coli and helminth eggs were more effectively removed in WSP than in CW. It is indicated that CW and WSP require similar land areas to achieve a bacteriological effluent quality suitable for unrestricted irrigation (10(3) E. coli per 100 mL), but CW would require 2.6 times more land area than ponds to achieve quite relaxed ammonia effluent discharge standards (20 mg NH(3) L(-1)), and, by far, more land than WSP to produce an effluent complying with the WHO helminth guideline for agricultural use (< or =1 egg per litre).

Ammonia and phosphorus removal were evaluated over four years monitoring of an experimental wastewater treatment plant in Brazil: initially a UASB reactor (real scale) + three shallow polishing ponds (pilot scale), afterwards a UASB + submerged aerated biofilter (BF) (real scale) + the same pond series. Shallow ponds (h < 0.90 m) provided considerable ammonia removal, but phosphorus removal was somewhat poorer. An equation was derived for the estimation of ammonia pond effluent, based on the same assumptions of the well known Pano and Middlebrooks model. According to the experimental data, an effluent suitable for aquaculture should be achieved with retention time of 25 days.

A large database from an experimental maturation pond system in Brazil was used to verify the agreement of field results with values predicted by some of the most widely accepted models to describe ammonium and total nitrogen (TN) removal in facultative and maturation ponds. The same database was used to derive a pH-independent linear model to predict ammonium removal in ponds, which was proved to be, essentially, a function of ammonium surface loading rate. In general, all these models made reasonable predictions of ammonium or TN removal but tended to overestimate low ammonium effluent concentrations while underestimating higher values of field data.

This paper presents the results of five years monitoring of an experimental wastewater treatment plant in southeast Brazil, comprised of a UASB reactor followed by a submerged aerated biofilter (BF) (field scale) and shallow polishing ponds (pilot scale). Three ponds in series achieved high quality effluent standards in terms of ammonia and E.coli, but a fourth pond did not result in further efficiency. Well established models to predict ammonia and E.coli removal in facultative and/or maturation ponds were, in a way, validated for polishing ponds too. The paper also includes results of input design parameters, such as pH and E.coli die-off rate constants, and their variation along the pond series.

Resumo Apresenta-se uma síntese de trabalhos de pesquisa conduzidos ao longo de quatro anos em tratamento de esgotos sanitários, em um sistema UASB + BF + lagoas de polimento e utilização de efluentes em fertirrigação e produção animal. A irrigação de forrageiras (Brachiaria e milho hidropônico) com efluente do sistema UASB +BF e seu fornecimento para alimentação de caprinos e bovinos não resultou em riscos reais à saúde animal nem potenciais à saúde humana. O sistema de lagoas de polimento mostrou-se eficiente na produção de efluentes, de acordo com as recomendações da OMS, para piscicultura e irrigação, logrando produção de hortaliças e peixes (tilápia do Nilo) de qualidade apta ao consumo. O potencial fertilizante e nutricional dos efluentes tratados demonstrou a possibilidade de sua aplicação em atividades produtivas com economia de insumos (adubo e ração).

Resíduo sólido é um problema ambiental que tem mobilizado a sociedade na busca de soluções para os problemas causados pelo acúmulo. Objetivo aqui foi incorporar agregados de plástico e borracha na mistura asfáltica para investigar a estabilidade e resistência a compressão frente aos danos causados pela irradiação solar. Amostras dos grupos controle (G1), agregados de PET e borracha (G2 a G5) foram submetidas ao ensaio Marshall e resistência à compressão. Os ensaios foram realizados antes e após irradiação com luz visível. Estatística foi realizada pelo programa Origin 7,0 a p<0,05. Os resultados de G5 (PET 1%) foram significativos em relação aos demais grupos. A estabilidade do grupo G5 (1367Kgf) foi a que apresentou significância a p<0,05 em relação a G1 (1218 Kgf). A % de vazios de G5 foi a que apresentou maior proximidade a G1. No ensaio de compressão, G5 apresentou resistência 25% maior (9,7 Mpa) em relação a G1 (7,8 Mpa) após irradiação com luz visível. Nota-se que amostras de G5 apresentaram % de vazios menores em relação a G2, G3 e G4 as quais corresponderam a maior estabilidade (Kgf) e maior resistência a compreensão quando irradiadas. Os dados indicam maior estabilidade e resistência de asfalto a 1% de PET após irradiação.