Background: The study evaluated the effect of unripe banana flour (UBF) given individually or in combination with probiotics or multienzymes on blood profile, serum biochemical parameters and intestinal indices of broilers. Methods: A 392 broiler chicks were assigned to four groups (each with seven replicates) included CONT (birds provided with control feed), UBF (birds provided with 5% UBF in feed), UBFPRO (5% UBF plus 0.05% probiotics) and UBFZYM (5% UBF plus 0.05% multienzyme). Blood and intestinal segment and digesta were collected at days 21 and 38. Results: At day 21, the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) value in UBF was lower (p < 0.05) than in UBFPRO. At day 38, haemoglobin levels in UBFZYM were higher (p < 0.05) than in CONT and UBF. Mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were higher (p < 0.05) in UBFZYM than in the other groups. UBFZYM had higher (p < 0.05) leukocyte counts than CONT. Uric acid levels in UBFZYM were lower (p < 0.05) than in CONT at day 21. At day 38, UBFPRO chicks had lower (p = 0.05) pH values in the duodenum than other groups. UBFZYM had higher (p = 0.05) pH values in the ileum, while UBFPRO had higher (p = 0.05) pH values in the caecum than the CONT groups. Lactic acid bacteria were found in higher (p < 0.05) concentrations in the ileum of UBFPRO and UBFZYM than in the CONT at day 38. The lactic acid bacteria to coliform ratio in UBFPRO and UBFZYM ileums was also higher (p = 0.07) than in CONT. At day 38, the crypt depth of the duodenum in UBFZYM was lower (p < 0.05) than in CONT. The duodenum villus height to crypt depth ratio was higher (p < 0.05) in UBFZYM than in the other groups. The villus height to crypt depth ratio in the UBF ileum was higher (p < 0.05) than in the CONT. When compared to CONT broilers, UBF, UBFPRO, and UBFZYM broilers had higher (p < 0.05) daily weight gain and feed efficiency. Conclusions: Broiler growth performance was improved when UBF was given alone or in combination with probiotics or multienzymes. The use of probiotics or multienzymes in combination with UBF improved intestinal bacterial population, while multienzymes improved broiler physiology and intestinal morphology.
The study investigated the effects of germinated papaya seed and a mixture of germinated papaya seed and chitosan on growth and haematological parameters in broilers stocked in high-density pens from 15 to 28 days old. A total of 490 broiler chicks were distributed into four groups, including CONT (chicks receiving basal feed and raised under normal density [10 chicks per m 2 ]), HSD (chicks receiving basal feed and raised under high density [20 chicks per m 2 ]), HSD-P (chicks receiving 0.5% germinated papaya seed flour and raised under high density) and HSD-PC (chicks receiving 0.5% germinated papaya seed flour and 0.2% chitosan, and raised in high-density condition). Growth and feed intake were measured weekly, while blood was collected on day 28. Despite being lower (P < 0.05) than CONT, HSD-P and HSD-PC chickens consumed more (P < 0.05) feed than HSD chickens. Body weight and weight gain were lower (P < 0.05) in HSD compared to the CONT, HSD-P and HSD-PC groups. The European Production Higher Efficiency Factor (EPEF) tended (P = 0.06) to be higher in HSD-PC than in HSD chicks. While there was no significant effect of the treatments on complete blood counts and serum biochemical parameters, serum creatinine concentration was higher (P < 0.05) in HSD and HSD-P than in CONT and HSD-PC. In conclusion, germinated papaya seeds or a mixture of germinated papaya seeds and chitosan improved broiler production performance and kidney health while alleviating muscle protein catabolism in high-density pens from days 15 to 28.
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