Angiotensin II, which is the main effector of the renin-angiotensin system, has an important role in intestinal inflammation via the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R). The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of the AT1R blocker losartan on 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis. Losartan was administered to male adult C57BL/6 J mice 2 weeks prior to the induction of colitis, and images of the whole colon were captured to record changes, scored according to a microscopic scoring system, and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction were performed in order to investigate colonic inflammation. In addition, intestinal epithelial barrier permeability was evaluated, and intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) apoptosis was measured using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining, and apoptosis-related protein expression levels were detected by western blotting. Losartan was able to attenuate TNBS-induced body weight loss and colonic damage. Furthermore, T helper 1-mediated proin-flammatory cytokines were suppressed by losartan, and gut permeability was largely preserved. TUNEL staining revealed reduced IEC apoptosis in the losartan-treated mice. Losartan also increased the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)/Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) ratio and suppressed caspase-3 induction. These results suggested that the AT1R blocker losartan may attenuate TNBS-induced colitis by inhibiting the apoptosis of IECs. The effects of losartan were partially mediated through increasing the Bcl-2/Bax ratio and subsequently suppressing the induction of the proapoptotic mediator caspase-3.
To date, the most widely used second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) materials are the totally inorganic crystals. However, the small photoelectric coefficients of inorganic NLO materials are the bottleneck in practical applications. The donor−conjugated bridge−acceptor (D−A) model, which is successfully used in the development of organic second-order NLO materials, is still prohibitive in totally inorganic molecules. In the present paper, time-dependent density functional (TDDFT) has been employed to investigate the second-order NLO properties of a series of transition-metal-trisubstituted polyoxometalates (POMs)−diphosphate clusters. We find that these totally inorganic POM clusters possess D−A structure, and the large static first hyperpolarizability can be effectively designed based on this D−A model. The results show that the substituted transition metal centers can be viewed as electron acceptor, and the POM cluster serves as both electron donor and conjugated bridge. The three vanadium atoms derivative of 30-molybdobipyrophosphate POM cluster displays large static first hyperpolarizability by ∼700 × 10−30 esu, and it is ∼70 times as large as that of typical organic NLO molecule p-nitroaniline (PNA) according to LB94/TZP calculations. Thus, this POM cluster seems to be promising totally inorganic materials for application in nonlinear optics.
From a biomechanical perspective, ESIN provides the best overall stability for fractures located in the upper region of the MDJ, while percutaneous pinning is superior in stabilizing fractures of the lower region. Two lateral and one medial pins make the most stable crossed pinning construct for these fractures.
Open reduction and internal fixation yielded a satisfactory outcome within 16 weeks in children with a lateral humeral epicondylar fracture with a delayed presentation.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.