SummaryIn this study, we investigated the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate salt acclimation. The main objective was to obtain new insights into the molecular mechanisms that control salt acclimation. Therefore, we carried out a multidisciplinary study using proteomic, transcriptomic, subcellular and physiological techniques.We obtained a Nicotiana tabacum BY-2 cell line acclimated to be grown at 258 mM NaCl as a model for this study. The proteomic and transcriptomic data indicate that the molecular response to stress (chaperones, defence proteins, etc.) is highly induced in these salt-acclimated cells.The subcellular results show that salt induces sodium compartmentalization in the cell vacuoles and seems to be mediated by vesicle trafficking in tobacco salt-acclimated cells. Our results demonstrate that abscisic acid (ABA) and proline metabolism are crucial in the cellular signalling of salt acclimation, probably regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the mitochondria. ROS may act as a retrograde signal, regulating the cell response.The network of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus is highly altered in salt-acclimated cells. The molecular and subcellular analysis suggests that the unfolded protein response is induced in salt-acclimated cells. Finally, we propose that this mechanism may mediate cell death in salt-acclimated cells.

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Delila and Rosea1 anthocyanin accumulation genes were subjected to bioinformatics analysis. Delila protein has 56− 69% similarity with different anthocyanin-rich plants, while Rosea1 protein has 83−87% with anthocyanin-rich plant proteins. This study aimed at transferring Delila and Rosea1 genes from the transgenic Micro-tom tomato cultivar to the Moneymaker tomato cultivar using traditional breeding for enhancing their fruit anthocyanin content. Results of all produced F1 plants of manual hybridization between both cultivars were consistent with the Mendelian inheritance hypothesis. Plants of F2 populations showed a 3:1 Mendelian segregation proportion (75% of plants have anthocyanin pigmentation). Seeds of F2 were individually cultured to get four homozygous lines with anthocyanin accumulation in fruits. The total anthocyanin in the anthocyanin-enriched inbred fruit (3 g/ kg DM) represented a relative increase of about 131% of the parent level. The total phenolic compounds in inbred tomato fruits were 54.9 mg/100 g DM referring to a relative increase of about 51% of the respective parent plant. The antioxidant activity of inbred fruit at maturity (m) was 83.5% compared with 91% for TBHQ. The inbred (m) tomato fruit extract reduced the growth of G − bacteria G + bacteria by 99% and 95%, respectively.

to study the effect of potassium sulphate 50% K 2 O (60, 90, 120 and 150 kg/fad.) as soil application, potassium silicate (0.0, 3.0 and 6.0 cm 3 /l) as foliar application and their interaction on the growth characters, plant dry weight, total yield and bulb quality of garlic cv. Balady grown in sandy soil under drip irrigation system. The results emphasized that potassium sulphate at 120 or 150 kg/fad., was the best levels used for its superiority in producing the tallest plants, number of leaves/plant, bulb and neck diameters, the heaviest dry weight of bulbs, leaves and roots, total yield/fad., TSS and NPK percentages in bulb and leaves of garlic compared to the lowest levels under study. Meanwhile, foliar spray by potassium silicate at 6.0 cm 3 /l gave the highest values of growth, NPK in leaves and bulbs and total yield in both seasons. The present study recommends that using potassium sulphate 120 kg/fad., combined with 6.0 cm 3 /l of potassium silicate for increasing total yield per fad., of garlic (cv. Balady) grown in sandy soil under similar field conditions.

to evaluate yield components, potassium content and some competitive indices between caraway and onion at different ridge ratios (sole crop of each components, 1:1, 1:2 and 2:2 of caraway: onion, respectively) under different potassium fertilization rates (0.0, 25 and 50 kg K 2 O/fad. A split-plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was planned. Results indicated that yield components (different grades of yield and exportable, marketable and total yield of onion as well as umbel number/plant, fruit and oil yield/plant and/faddan of caraway), potassium content/plant of each crop and competitive indices between them were affected by experimental factors. In most cases, onion sole crop recorded the highest values in yield components compared to intercropping systems under all potassium fertilization rates. In the same trend, the highest value in each of fruit and volatile oil yield /faddan of caraway was recorded with sole caraway crop. Also, the highest rate of potassium recorded significant increase in these parameters compared to control. Competition indices, i.e., land equivalent ratio (LER), area time equivalent ratio (ATER), land utilization efficiency (LUE%) and relative crowding coefficient (RCC) revealed that, applied intercropping system (1:2) was more efficient than sole cropping and other ones under study when combined with potassium fertilization rate at 50 kg K 2 O/faddan, in most cases. Aggressivity (A) estimation indicated that caraway was dominant while onion was dominated. Generally, this mixture seems promising in the development of sustainable crop yield advantages with a limited use of external inputs under Sharkia Governorate conditions.

A field experiment was carried out during the two successive early summer growing seasons of 2018 and 2019 at the Experimental Farm of El-Gemmeiza Agric. Res. Station, Gharbeya Governorate, Egypt to study the effect of foliar spray with three substances, i.e., Vitamin E (Vit.E) at 150 ppm, super Vigro -X at 1ml/L, salicylic acid (SA) at 150 ppm individually, or in combinations on plant growth, biochemical traits, pods yield and its quality of pea cv. Master B grown in clay soil. The results indicated that, spraying pea plants with Vit. E + super Vigor-X + SA three times at 20, 30 and 40 days after sowing gave the highest values of plant height , both number of leaves and branches/ plant , total dry weight/ plant , leaf chlorophyll pigments , N,P and K percentage in shoot, yield and its components and the best pod quality of pea and gave the lowest concentrations of proline amino acid and oxidase enzyme activity in shoots. Moreover, this treatment recorded increasing in total yield about 63.8 % (average two seasons) than control (unsprayed) plants Meanwhile, spraying plants with super Vigor-x +SA treatment came in the second rank in this respect.

A field experiment was carried out during two summer seasons of 2017and 2018 at Private Farm, at El-Salhyia District, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt, to study the effect of compost tea and some nutrient supplements on growth and yield of some potato cultivars (Bavana and Eliance) grown in loamy sand soil conditions. The results showed that, Bavana cultivar gave higher number of main stems/plant, shoots dry weight/plant and total chlorophyll in leaf tissues, whereas Eliance cultivar gave higher values of plant height, number of tubers/plant, average tuber weight, tuber yield/plant and total yield/ fed. and spraying potato plants with compost tea supplemented with NH4NO3( 0.5g/l) + molasses (0.5% v/v) led to increased number of leaves/plant, shoots dry weight, number of tubers/plant, average tuber weight, tuber yield/plant and total yield/ fed. In addition, spraying Bavana cultivar with compost tea supplemented with NH4NO3 + molasses or molasses or NH4NO3 gave the maximum values of number of main stems/plant, total chlorophyll, total carbohydrates and starch with no significant differences between them. On the other hand, spraying Eliance cultivar with compost tea supplemented with NH4NO3+molasses increased significantly plant height. Moreover, the interaction treatments between Bavana or Eliance plants and spraying compost tea supplemented with NH4NO3+ molasses or with molasses had significant effect on average tuber weight, tuber yield/plant, total yield/fed., DM% and P%. In addition, spraying Eliance cultivar with compost tea supplemented with NH4NO3 increased P and K contents in tubers, while, N and total protein in tubers were significantly enhanced due to spraying Bavana cultivar with compost tea supplemented with NH4NO3.