By sequencing 727 ancient individuals from the Southern Arc (Anatolia and its neighbors in Southeastern Europe and West Asia) over 10,000 years, we contextualize its Chalcolithic period and Bronze Age (about 5000 to 1000 BCE), when extensive gene flow entangled it with the Eurasian steppe. Two streams of migration transmitted Caucasus and Anatolian/Levantine ancestry northward, and the Yamnaya pastoralists, formed on the steppe, then spread southward into the Balkans and across the Caucasus into Armenia, where they left numerous patrilineal descendants. Anatolia was transformed by intra–West Asian gene flow, with negligible impact of the later Yamnaya migrations. This contrasts with all other regions where Indo-European languages were spoken, suggesting that the homeland of the Indo-Anatolian language family was in West Asia, with only secondary dispersals of non-Anatolian Indo-Europeans from the steppe.

We present the first ancient DNA data from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic of Mesopotamia (Southeastern Turkey and Northern Iraq), Cyprus, and the Northwestern Zagros, along with the first data from Neolithic Armenia. We show that these and neighboring populations were formed through admixture of pre-Neolithic sources related to Anatolian, Caucasus, and Levantine hunter-gatherers, forming a Neolithic continuum of ancestry mirroring the geography of West Asia. By analyzing Pre-Pottery and Pottery Neolithic populations of Anatolia, we show that the former were derived from admixture between Mesopotamian-related and local Epipaleolithic-related sources, but the latter experienced additional Levantine-related gene flow, thus documenting at least two pulses of migration from the Fertile Crescent heartland to the early farmers of Anatolia.

ÖZET: Bu çalışmada Fen Bilgisi Öğretmenliği programında yer alan, Fen Öğretimi ve

Literary and archaeological sources have preserved a rich history of Southern Europe and West Asia since the Bronze Age that can be complemented by genetics. Mycenaean period elites in Greece did not differ from the general population and included both people with some steppe ancestry and others, like the Griffin Warrior, without it. Similarly, people in the central area of the Urartian Kingdom around Lake Van lacked the steppe ancestry characteristic of the kingdom’s northern provinces. Anatolia exhibited extraordinary continuity down to the Roman and Byzantine periods, with its people serving as the demographic core of much of the Roman Empire, including the city of Rome itself. During medieval times, migrations associated with Slavic and Turkic speakers profoundly affected the region.

Nowadays increasing importance of science process skills and laboratory approach in science education requires the acquisition of scientific process skills that teachers should have been gained those skills during pre-service training courses to transfer their students. Peer instruction, which results in effective outcomes for concept teaching recently, comprises another aspect of this study. The aim of this study is to determine whether scientific process skills laboratory approach, which is supported with peer instruction, is an effective method to improve some high level scientific process skills of pre-service teachers. Single group experimental research design was used in this study. Data were collected by using open ended experiment worksheets, student rubrics, experiment evaluation questionnaire and semi-structured interviews during peer instruction supported scientific process skills laboratory approach in which third year primary science education students at Balikesir University took part in six weeks long application. Findings of the study show that pre-service teachers' skills of determining variables, changing and controlling variables and making inferences improved while constructing hypotheses and setting up experiment skills were not improved. It is suggested that peer instruction supported scientific process skills laboratory approach should be used to acquire scientific process skills.