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The effect of co-firing of biomass fuels with oil shale on combustion was investigated. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry were the tools used to perform the investigation. Since the combustion of biomass is highly exothermic, biomass fuels can serve as an appropriate fuel feedstock. Biomass fuels producing much volatile matter and containing less cellulose are good candidates for co-firing with oil shale. The biomass samples used in the study were hazelnut shell, wheat bran, poplar, and miscanthus. Co-firing of biomass/oil shale blends was performed using different biomass ratios (10, 20 and 50% by weight).

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The upstream petroleum sector issues still keep its popularity worldwide. Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) is an essential unconventional method of improving production in the petroleum sector. The EOR is gaining more importance in the sector. 2% of the global crude oil production is performed by EOR operations currently. The crude oil production of Turkey which is now in a decreasing trend is performed from old and mature oil fi elds. Sharp declines are expected for the oil production in the near future if new discoveries do not take place or enhanced oil production techniques are not performed. The average recovery rate for the crude oil fi elds in Turkey is about at 20%. An increase in this ratio can provide signifi cant amount of crude oil to Turkish production. The ratio of crude oil production by EOR methods is about 15% currently in Turkey. In this study, the historical background of EOR projects is explained and potential EOR methods have been discussed for Turkish crude oil fi elds. The aim of the research is to evaluate the crude oil production potential from existing oil fi elds of Turkey based on EOR methods matching with the characteristics of oil fi elds with statistical information on world EOR outlook.

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