Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has high prevalence among males compared to females but mechanisms underlying the differences between sexes are poorly investigated. Moreover, autistic symptoms show a continuity in the general population and are referred to as autistic traits in people without an ASD diagnosis. One of the symptoms of ASD is sensory processing differences both in sensitivity and perception. To investigate sensory processing differences in autistic traits, we examined auditory and visual processing in a healthy population. We recruited 75 individuals (39 females and 36 males, mean age = 23.01 years, SD = 3.23 years) and assessed autistic traits using the Autism Spectrum Quotient, and sensory sensitivity using the Sensory Sensitivity Scales. Sensory processing in the visual domain was examined with the radial motion stimulus and the auditory domain was assessed with the 1,000 Hz pure tone stimulus with electroencephalography-evoked potentials. The results showed that the auditory sensitivity scores of the males (r aud (34) = 0.396, p aud = 0.017) and the visual sensitivity scores of females were correlated with autistic traits (r vis (37) = 0.420, p vis = 0.008). Moreover, the P2 latency for the auditory stimulus was prolonged in the participants with a higher level of autistic traits (r s (61) = 0.411, p = 0.008), and this correlation was only observed in males (r s (31) = 0.542, p = 0.001). We propose that auditory processing differences are related to autistic traits in neurotypicals, particularly in males. Our findings emphasize the importance of considering sex differences in autistic traits and ASD.
Objective: To investigate the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Mini-Tinnitus Questionnaire (TQ 12-T). Methods: The study consisted of 120 patients with tinnitus (60 F + 60 M; Mean Age: 46.8±15.1 years). Audiological evaluation, tinnitus mapping, tinnitus handicap inventory (THI) and TQ 12-T were applied to the participants. Internal consistency and reliability were assessed by Cronbach's alpha. To evaluate the accuracy of the original findings, a retest was performed with 20% of the participants. The validity of the TQ 12-T was assessed, analyzing the correlation with THI. We assessed construct validity by analyzing the patients according to their age and tinnitus duration. Results: High internal consistency, reliability (α=0.87) and a high intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC 0.96, p < 0.001) were found. The internal consistency reliabilities of the two subscales were α=0.74 and α= 0.84 for "health anxiety" and "cognitive distress," respectively. There was a strong positive correlation between THI and TQ 12-T total scores (r=0.985, p<0.01). Conclusion: TQ 12-T is a valid, reliable and brief questionnaire. TQ 12-T could easily be used alongside other tinnitus or health-related questionnaires since it takes only a few minutes to complete.
<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) is a disease that may develop either primarily or secondarily, resulting from urinary acidification defects in distal tubules. Hearing loss may accompany primary forms of dRTA. This study aims to determine the characteristics of hearing loss due to different gene mutations in patients with dRTA. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Behavioral and electrophysiological audiological evaluations were performed after otolaryngology examination in 21 patients with clinically diagnosed dRTA. Radiological imaging of the inner ear (<i>n</i> = 9) was conducted and results of genetic analyses using next-generation sequencing method (<i>n</i> = 16) were included. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Twenty-one patients with dRTA from 20 unrelated families, aged between 8 months and 33 years (median = 12, interquartile range = 20), participated. All patients with <i>ATP6V1B1</i> mutations (<i>n</i> = 9) had different degrees of hearing loss. There was one patient with hearing loss in patients with <i>ATP6V0A4</i> mutations (<i>n</i> = 6). One patient with the <i>WDR72</i> mutation had normal hearing. Large vestibular aqueduct syndrome (LVAS) was detected in 6 (67%) of 9 patients whose radiological evaluation results were available. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> LVAS is common in patients with dRTA and may influence the type and severity of hearing loss in these patients. The possibility of both congenital and late-onset and progressive hearing loss should be considered in dRTA patients. A regular audiological follow-up is essential for the early detection of a possible late-onset or progressive hearing loss in these patients.
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