Lung cancer remains a major threat to human health. Low dose CT scan (LDCT) has become the main method of early screening for lung cancer due to the low sensitivity of chest X‐ray. However, LDCT not only has a high false positive rate, but also entails risks of overdiagnosis and cumulative radiation exposure. In addition, cumulative radiation by LDCT screening and subsequent follow‐up can increase the risk of lung cancer. Many studies have shown that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) remain stable in blood, and profiling of blood has the advantages of being noninvasive, readily accessible and inexpensive. Serum or plasma assay of lncRNAs in blood can be used as a novel detection method to assist LDCT while improving the accuracy of early lung cancer screening. LncRNAs can participate in the regulation of various biological processes. A large number of researches have reported that lncRNAs are key regulators involved in the progression of human cancers through multiple action models. Especially, some lncRNAs can affect various hallmarks of lung cancer. In addition to their diagnostic value, lncRNAs also possess promising potential in other clinical applications toward lung cancer. LncRNAs can be used as predictive markers for chemosensitivity, radiosensitivity, and sensitivity to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)‐targeted therapy, and as well markers of prognosis. Different lncRNAs have been implicated to regulate chemosensitivity, radiosensitivity, and sensitivity to EGFR‐targeted therapy through diverse mechanisms. Although many challenges need to be addressed in the future, lncRNAs have bright prospects as an adjunct to radiographic methods in the clinical management of lung cancer.
Purpose. Septic shock is a severe complication of COVID-19 patients. We aim to identify risk factors associated with septic shock and mortality among COVID-19 patients. Methods. A total of 212 COVID-19 confirmed patients in Wuhan were included in this retrospective study. Clinical outcomes were designated as nonseptic shock and septic shock. Log-rank test was conducted to determine any association with clinical progression. A prediction model was established using random forest. Results. The mortality of septic shock and nonshock patients with COVID-19 was 96.7% (29/30) and 3.8% (7/182). Patients taking hypnotics had a much lower chance to develop septic shock (HR = 0.096, p = 0.0014 ). By univariate logistic regression analysis, 40 risk factors were significantly associated with septic shock. Based on multiple regression analysis, eight risk factors were shown to be independent risk factors and these factors were then selected to build a model to predict septic shock with AUC = 0.956. These eight factors included disease severity (HR = 15, p < 0.001 ), age > 65 years (HR = 2.6, p = 0.012 ), temperature > 39.1°C (HR = 2.9, p = 0.047 ), white blood cell count > 10 × 10⁹ (HR = 6.9, p < 0.001 ), neutrophil count > 75 × 10⁹ (HR = 2.4, p = 0.022 ), creatine kinase > 5 U/L (HR = 1.8, p = 0.042 ), glucose > 6.1 mmol/L (HR = 7, p < 0.001 ), and lactate > 2 mmol/L (HR = 22, p < 0.001 ). Conclusions. We found 40 risk factors were significantly associated with septic shock. The model contained eight independent factors that can accurately predict septic shock. The administration of hypnotics could potentially reduce the incidence of septic shock in COVID-19 patients.
Immunophenotype of solid tumors has relevance to cancer immunotherapy, as not all patients respond optimally to treatment utilizing monoclonal antibodies. Bioinformatic studies have failed to clearly identify tumor immunophenotype in a way that encompasses a wide variety of tumor types and highlights fundamental differences among them, complicating prediction of patient clinical response. The novel JAMMIT algorithm was used to analyze mRNA data for 33 cancer types in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We found that B cells and T cells constitute the principal source of variation in most patient cohorts, and that virtually all solid malignancies formed three hierarchical clustering patterns with similar molecular features. The second main source of variability in transcriptomic studies we attribute to monocytes. We identified the three tumor types as TC1-mediated, TC17-mediated and nonimmunogenic immunophenotypes and used a 3-gene signature to approximate infiltration by agranulocytes. Methods of in silico validation such as pathway analysis, Cibersort and published data from treated cohorts were used to substantiate these findings. Monocytic infiltrate is found to be related to patient survival according to immunophenotype, important differences in some solid tumors are identified and deficiencies of common bioinformatic approaches relevant to diagnosis are detailed by this work.
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