This article provides current Schwartz Values Survey (SVS) data from samples of business managers and professionals across 50 societies that are culturally and socioeconomically diverse. We report the society scores for SVS values dimensions for both individual-and societallevel analyses. At the individual-level, we report on the ten circumplex values sub-dimensions and two sets of values dimensions (collectivism and individualism; openness to change, conservation, self-enhancement, and self-transcendence). At the societal-level, we report on the values dimensions of embeddedness, hierarchy, mastery, affective autonomy, intellectual autonomy, egalitarianism, and
The cortico-limbic system is critically involved in emotional responses and resulting adaptive behaviors. Within this circuit, complementary regions are believed to be involved in either the appraisal or the regulation of affective state. However, the respective contribution of these bottom-up and top-down mechanisms during emotion processing remains to be clarified. We used a new functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm varying 3 parameters: emotional valence, emotional congruency, and allocation of attention, to distinguish the functional variation in activity and connectivity between amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Bottom-up appraisal of negative compared with positive stimuli led to a greater amygdala response and stronger functional interaction between amygdala and both dorsal ACC and DLPFC. Top-down resolution of emotional conflict was associated with increased activity within ACC and higher functional connectivity between this structure, and both the amygdala and DLPFC. Finally, increased top-down attentional control caused greater engagement of the DLPFC, accompanied by increased connectivity between DLPFC and dorsal ACC. This novel task provides an efficient tool for exploring bottom-up and top-down processes underlying emotion and may be particularly helpful for investigating the neurofunctional underpinnings of psychiatric disorders.
Vitrimers were created from a commercial
high-performance anhydride-cured
epoxy in the presence of various metal transesterification catalysts.
Compressive creep strains greater than 50% were observed in samples
containing dibutyltin diacetate or dibutyltin bis(2,4-pentanedionate)
via a compression set experiment. Stress relaxation experiments were
carried out in a parallel plate geometry and analyzed with a newly
modified exponential model proposed to better describe the relaxation
process. The results demonstrate that it is not only possible to realize
reworkability on relatively short time scales (hundreds of seconds)
without compromising the mechanical properties of these networks at
elevated temperatures but that, with proper catalyst selection, this
may be accomplished with negligible activity under curing conditions.
This effort also highlights differences in the behavior of different
transesterification catalysts in this context. The approach to the
selection and analysis of the materials reported here has implications
for the design of new vitrimers more generally.
0this study investigated the attitudes toward social, economic, and environmental corporate responsibilities of 3064 current managers and business students in 8 european countries. 0 Participants in Western European countries had significantly different perspectives on the importance of these corporate responsibilities (cR) than those in central and east european countries. Within each country, environmental cR is perceived as most important in both cee and Western european countries. across countries, Western european respondents ac- Manag int Rev (2010) 50:379-398
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