Wildlife corridors play a vital role in maintaining genetic connectivity between distant populations and provide a mix of habitats for various wildlife. Makuyuni wildlife corridor in Arusha, Tanzania, is a critical connection between Tarangire National Park, Lolkisale, Simanjiro Game Controlled Areas, Manyara Ranch, and Essmingor Forest Nature Reserve. The corridor is the main route of the northern sub-population of elephants in Tarangire National Park. Currently, the corridor faces activities such as settlements, livestock keeping, and farmlands. Ground distance sampling and GPS location were used to assess the number of individuals counted, frequency of occurrence (e), and abundance (estimate ± standard error) of large mammal species. Further, classification of satellite images was used to determine land use and land cover change between 2015 and 2021in the Makuyuni study site. Eight herbivores and two carnivore species were observed during our study, with different encounter rates and estimates. The most abundant wildlife species were Thomson gazelles (e=88, 1511±256), elephant (e=12, 783 ±198), zebra (e=14, 694±239), Giraffe (e=10, 185 ±74). We also encountered two livestock species in the study area; shoats (sheep and goat) (e=27, 15854 ±2020) and cattle (e=26, 7479 ±2126). In 2015, the 261 km2 Makuyuni study area was covered by 36.8% farmland, 24.11% woodland, 6.2% shrubland, 15.6% grassland, 17.2% bare land, and 0.1% water. In 2021 farmland increased to 41%, woodland, to 11.28%, shrubland to 9.1%, and 24.2% grassland. However, bare land was reduced to 14.4% and water to 0.03%. Despite the loss of habitat and increased human activities, the corridor remains viable for wildlife movements due to the wildlife distribution pattern connecting Lolkisale-Simanjiro GCAs and Tarangire National Park to Essmingor Forest Nature Reserve. The revealed distribution and connectivity may also pose a plan and piloting the implementation of the corridor regulation of 2018 by setting beacons while controlling human activities

Mount Kilimanjaro Forest (MKF) is recognized as a major provider of hydrological services to people in northern Tanzania. However, little is understood in terms of the roles of upstream and downstream communities in protecting and conserving MKF. This article applies binomial generalized linear models to understand the role of the community in supporting the protection and conservation of MKF based on data collected through a questionnaire survey from 90 households on the southern slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro. Results showed that 99% of respondents were aware of the value of MKF as a major provider of hydrological services, however, this did not vary significantly across age groups, gender, level of education, and location (upstream vs. downstream). Further results showed that, contrary to downstream communities, upstream communities play a significant role in supporting the ecological integrity and hydrological functions of MKF by planting and protecting tree cover, joining efforts through conservation clubs, donating cash to finance its protection, and adhering to bylaws governing environmental management. Hence, adopting an approach that integrates upstream and downstream communities in managing catchment forests and ensuring the sustainable flow of hydrological services is critical. The study also has unleashed water user behavior that have enlightened demand for more studies in the area.